Von Mises–Fisher distribution

Points sampled from three von Mises–Fisher distributions on the sphere (blue: , green: , red: ). The mean directions are shown with arrows.
Biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher
Richard von Mises


In directional statistics, the von Mises–Fisher distribution (named after Ronald Fisher and Richard von Mises), is a probability distribution on the -dimensional sphere in . If the distribution reduces to the von Mises distribution on the circle.

The probability density function of the von Mises–Fisher distribution for the random p-dimensional unit vector is given by:

where and the normalization constant is equal to

where denotes the modified Bessel function of the first kind at order . If , the normalization constant reduces to

The parameters and are called the mean direction and concentration parameter, respectively. The greater the value of , the higher the concentration of the distribution around the mean direction . The distribution is unimodal for , and is uniform on the sphere for .

The von Mises–Fisher distribution for , also called the Fisher distribution, was first used to model the interaction of electric dipoles in an electric field (Mardia, 2000). Other applications are found in geology, bioinformatics, and text mining.

Estimation of parameters

A series of N independent measurements are drawn from a von Mises–Fisher distribution. Define

Then (Sra, 2011) the maximum likelihood estimates of and are given by

Thus is the solution to

A simple approximation to is

but a more accurate measure can be obtained by iterating the Newton method a few times

For N  25, the estimated spherical standard error of the sample mean direction can be computed as[1]

where

It's then possible to approximate a confidence cone about with semi-vertical angle

where

For example, for a 95% confidence cone, and thus

See also

References

  1. Embleton, N. I. Fisher, T. Lewis, B. J. J. (1993). Statistical analysis of spherical data (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-521-45699-1.
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