Raid on Dartmouth (1751)

Raid on Dartmouth
Part of Father Le Loutre’s War
John George Pyke, Only image of survivor of the Raid on Dartmouth (1751)
Date May 13, 1751 Location Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Result Acadian and Mi’kmaq victory
Belligerents
Mi'kmaq militia Acadian militia	British America
Commanders and leaders
Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil)	Captain William Clapham Lt. Clark, Warburton's Regiment (wounded)[1][2] Sgt. ?, 45th Regiment  †[3] Superior officer ?, 45th Regiment[4] †
Strength
60 Acadian and Mi'kmaq[5]	60 British regulars and rangers
Casualties and losses
disputed: Cornwallis: 6 Mi'kmaq[6] Salusbury: one or two Mi'kmaq[7]	disputed: Cornwallis: 4 killed; 6 prisoners;[8] Wilson's journal: 15 killed, 7 wounded (3 die in hospital), 6 prisoners;,[9] Salusbury journal: 20 killed;[10] London Magazine: 8 settlers and a few officers killed, 14 prisoners[11]

The Raid on Dartmouth (also referred to as the Dartmouth Massacre) occurred during Father Le Loutre’s War on May 13, 1751 when a Mi’kmaq and Acadia militia from Chignecto, under the command of Acadian Joseph Broussard, raided Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, destroying the town and killing twenty British villagers and wounding British regulars. The town was protected by a blockhouse on Blackburn Hill with William Clapham's Rangers and British regulars from the 45th Regiment of Foot. This raid was one of seven the Natives and Acadians would conduct against the town during the war.

Historical context

45th Regiment of Foot By David Morier, 1751

Blockhouse overlooking Dartmouth Cove^[12]

Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. To prevent the establishment of Protestant settlements in the region, Mi'kmaq raided the early British settlements of present-day Shelburne (1715) and Canso (1720). A generation later, Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.^[13] By unilaterally establishing Halifax the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mi'kmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War.^[14]

Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. By the time Cornwallis had arrived in Halifax, there was a long history of the Wabanaki Confederacy (which included the Mi'kmaq) protecting their land by killing British civilians along the New England/ Acadia border in Maine (See the Northeast Coast Campaigns 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747).^[15]

The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill) (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753) and Lawrencetown (1754).^[16] There were numerous Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on these villages such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751).^[17]

There was a raid on those in the Dartmouth area in 1749 (See Raid on Dartmouth (1749)). In response to the raids, Governor Edward Cornwallis offered a bounty on the head of every Mi'kmaq. The British military paid the Rangers the same rate per scalp as the French military paid the Mi'kmaq for British scalps.^[18]

As well, to carry out this task, two companies of rangers were raised, one led by Captain Francis Bartelo and the other by Captain William Clapham. These two companies served alongside that of John Gorham's company. The three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Mi'kmaq.^[19]

In July 1750, the Mi'kmaq killed and scalped 7 men who were at work in Dartmouth.^[20] In August 1750, 353 people arrived on the ship Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year.^[21] The following month, on September 30, 1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the Mi'kmaq and five more residents were killed.^[22] In October 1750 a group of about eight men went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped ... [one] with a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, and threw him into the sea ..."^[23]

In March 1751, the Mi’kmaq attacked on two more occasions, bringing the total number of raids to six in the previous two years.^[24]

The raid

Joseph Broussard, known as "Beausoleil"

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Three months later, on May 13, 1751 before sunrise, Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre".^[25] The raiding party came down the Shuebenacadie River from Chignecto.^[26] Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers and more were taken prisoner.^[27][28] They burned 36 homes.^[29] Captain William Clapham and sixty soldiers were on duty and fired from the blockhouse, which was located at the point overlooking Dartmouth Cove.^[30] The raiding party tortured and mutilated the sergeant and wounded three other soldiers.^[31]

Captain Alexander Murray

Captain Alexander Murray along with about 40 soldiers left Halifax in three vessels and tried to track them down for miles but most of the raiding party had dispersed.^[32] The British reported they had killed six Mi'kmaq warriors, but were only able to retrieve one scalp that they took to Halifax.^[33] Those at a camp at Dartmouth Cove, led by John Wisdom, assisted the settlers. Upon returning to their camp the next day they found the Mi'kmaq had also raided their camp and taken a prisoner.

The Mi'kmaq scalped all the settlers. The British took what remained of the bodies to Halifax for burial in the Old Burying Ground.^[34] (John George Pyke survived the raid but his father of the same name did not.)^[35][36]

Aftermath

The British retaliated by sending several armed companies to Chignecto. A few French defenders were killed and the dikes were breached. Hundreds of acres of crops were ruined which was disastrous for the Acadians and the French troops.^[37]

Immediately after the raid, a wooden palisade was erected around the town plot.^[38] Mi'kmaq and Acadian attacks continued throughout the French and Indian War which ended fourteen years after Dartmouth was first settled. (For example, in the spring of 1759, there was another attack on Fort Clarence, in which five soldiers were killed.)^[39] After the initial raid, no new settlers were placed in Dartmouth again for the next thirty years. Of the 383 settlers who arrived in Dartmouth on the Alderney in August 1750, only half remained two years later.^[38] By the end of war (1763), Dartmouth was only left with 78 settlers.^[40]

Similar raids happened in response to the British founding of Lawrencetown and Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, such as the Raid on Lunenburg (1756).

Fiction

Joseph Howe lived in Dartmouth and knew of the Raid on Dartmouth. He included a Mi’kmaw raid on a British dewelling in his poem Acadia.^[41] In the poem, 5 Mi'kmaw fighters are killed. Mi'kmaw fighters eventually overwhelm and kill the 4 British in the house.

See also

• List of massacres in Canada
• Military history of Nova Scotia
• History of the Halifax Regional Municipality
• Military history of the Acadians

References

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Primary Sources

• A genuine narrative of the transactions in Nova Scotia since the settlement, June 1749, till August the 5th, 1751 : in which the nature, soil, and produce of the country are related, with the particular attempts of the Indians to disturb the colony / by John Wilson p. 15
• Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury (diarist)|John Salusbury in Halifax edited by Ronald Rompkey - 1982, p. 116
• London Magazine. Vol. 20. 1751. p. 419
• London Magazine. Vol. 20. 1751. p. 341
• The Pennsylvania Gazzette. August 1, 1751
• The Nova Scotia Magazine. Vol. 2, no. 4, (Apr. 1790) pp. 287–289
• Charles Morris
• The Nova Scotia Gazette and Weekly Chronicle, Sept. 1780

Secondary Sources

• Akins. History of Halifax. Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. 8, p. 27
• Mrs. William Lawson. The History of The Townships of Darmouth, Preston and Lawrencetown, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, p. 10
• Landry, Peter. The Lion & The Lily. Vol. 1, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, B.C., 2007.
• Rompkey, Ronald. Editor. Expeditions of Honour: The Journal of John Salusbury in Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1749-53. University of Delaware Press, Newark, 1982.
• Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 2008. pp. 154–155
• Murdoch, Beamish. A History of Nova Scotia, Or Acadia. Vol 2. pp. 200–201
• Thomas Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition)
• Harry Chapman. In the Wake of the Alderney.
• John Faragher. Great and Nobel Scheme. Norton. 2005.

Footnotes

Coordinates: 44°41′34.5″N 63°36′0″W / 44.692917°N 63.60000°W / 44.692917; -63.60000