TLR8

TLR8
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
Aliases TLR8, CD288, toll like receptor 8
External IDs MGI: 2176887 HomoloGene: 44054 GeneCards: TLR8
Targeted by Drug
resiquimod[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez

51311

170744

Ensembl

ENSG00000101916

ENSMUSG00000040522

UniProt

Q9NR97

P58682

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_016610
NM_138636

NM_133212
NM_001313760
NM_001313761

RefSeq (protein)

NP_057694.2
NP_619542.1

NP_001300689.1
NP_001300690.1
NP_573475.2

Location (UCSC) Chr X: 12.91 – 12.92 Mb Chr X: 167.24 – 167.26 Mb
PubMed search [2] [3]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR8 gene.[4] TLR8 has also been designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family.

Function

TLR8 seems to function differently in humans and mice. Until recently, TLR8 was believed to be nonfunctional in mice, but it seems to counteract TLR7 activity[5][6]

The TLR family plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, and lies in close proximity to another family member, TLR7, on chromosome X.[7]

TLR8 can recognize GU-rich single-stranded RNA.[8] However, the presence of GU-rich sequences in the single-stranded RNA is not sufficient to stimulate TLR8.[9] TLR8 recognizes G-rich oligonucleotides.[10]

TLR8 is an endosomal receptor that recognizes single stranded RNA (ssRNA), and can recognize ssRNA viruses such as Influenza, Sendai, and Coxsackie B viruses. TLR8 binding to the viral RNA recruits MyD88 and leads to activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and an antiviral response.[11] TLR8 recognizes single-stranded RNA of viruses such as HIV and HCV.[8][9]

Clinical significance

Genetic variants in TLR8 has recently been linked to susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis.[12]

TLR7 is functional both in human and mouse, but TLR8 is only functional in human.[6]

References

  1. ↑ "Drugs that physically interact with Toll-like receptor 8 view/edit references on wikidata".
  2. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
  3. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  4. ↑ Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (September 2000). "Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution". European Cytokine Network. 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
  5. ↑ Demaria O, Pagni PP, Traub S, de Gassart A, Branzk N, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Flavell RA, Alexopoulou L (October 2010). "TLR8 deficiency leads to autoimmunity in mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (10): 3651–62. doi:10.1172/JCI42081. PMC 2947223Freely accessible. PMID 20811154.
  6. 1 2 Sarvestani ST, Williams BR, Gantier MP (August 2012). "Human Toll-like receptor 8 can be cool too: implications for foreign RNA sensing". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 32 (8): 350–61. doi:10.1089/jir.2012.0014. PMID 22817608.
  7. ↑ "Entrez Gene: TLR8 toll-like receptor 8".
  8. 1 2 Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S (March 2004). "Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8". Science. 303 (5663): 1526–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...303.1526H. doi:10.1126/science.1093620. PMID 14976262.
  9. 1 2 Zhang Y, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, Abdel-Hakeem MS, He Z, Procopio FA, Shi Y, Haddad EK, Ancuta P, Sekaly RP, Said EA (July 2016). "HCV RNA Activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 While Virus Selectively Stimulates Macrophages Without Inducing Antiviral Responses". Scientific Reports. 6: 29447. Bibcode:2016NatSR...629447Z. doi:10.1038/srep29447. PMC 4935957Freely accessible. PMID 27385120.
  10. ↑ Peng G, Guo Z, Kiniwa Y, Voo KS, Peng W, Fu T, Wang DY, Li Y, Wang HY, Wang RF (August 2005). "Toll-like receptor 8-mediated reversal of CD4+ regulatory T cell function". Science. 309 (5739): 1380–4. Bibcode:2005Sci...309.1380P. doi:10.1126/science.1113401. PMID 16123302.
  11. ↑ "TLR7 and TLR8: Key players in the antiviral response - Innate immunity". invivoGen. Fall 2006.
  12. ↑ Davila S, Hibberd ML, Hari Dass R, Wong HE, Sahiratmadja E, Bonnard C, Alisjahbana B, Szeszko JS, Balabanova Y, Drobniewski F, van Crevel R, van de Vosse E, Nejentsev S, Ottenhoff TH, Seielstad M (October 2008). "Genetic association and expression studies indicate a role of toll-like receptor 8 in pulmonary tuberculosis". PLoS Genetics. 4 (10): e1000218. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000218. PMC 2568981Freely accessible. PMID 18927625.

Further reading


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