Suibne mac Cináeda

Suibne mac Cináeda
King of the Gall Gaidheil

Refer to caption

Suibne's name as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488 (the Annals of Tigernach): "Suibne mac Cinaetha".[1]
Died 1034
House possibly the Alpínid dynasty
Father possibly Cináed mac Maíl Choluim

Suibne mac Cináeda (died 1034) was an eleventh-century ruler of the Gall Gaidheil, a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity.[note 1] There is little known of Suibne as he is only attested in three sources that record the year of his death. He seems to have ruled in a region where Gall Gaidheil are known to have dwelt: either the Hebrides, the Firth of Clyde region, or somewhere along the south-western coast of Scotland from the Firth of Clyde southwards into Galloway.

Suibne's patronym, meaning "son of Cináed", could be evidence that he was a brother of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba, and thus a member of the royal Alpínid dynasty. Suibne's career appears to have coincided with an expansion of the Gall Gaidheil along the south-west coast of what is today Scotland. This extension of power may have partially contributed to the destruction of the Kingdom of the Cumbrians, an embattled realm which then faced aggressions from Dublin Vikings, Northumbrians, and Scots. The circumstances of Suibne's death are unknown, although one possibility could be that he was caught up in the vicious dynastic-strife endured by the Alpínids.

Attestation

Map of Britain and Ireland
Locations relating to the life and times of Suibne.

Suibne's death is recorded in 1034 by the fifteenth–sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster, the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach, and the sixteenth-century Annals of Loch Cé. These three sources accord him the title "ri Gall-Gaidhel", "rí Gall-Gáedel", and "rí Gall Goeidil".[9] This style which could be evidence that Suibne ruled in either the Isles, Galloway, or somewhere along the south-western coast of Scotland north of the Solway Firth.[10] In fact, little is certain of Suibne, as he is not attested by any other historical source.[11]

The Gaelic Gaidheal (plural Gaidheil) is primarily a linguistic term referring to speakers of Gaelic.[12] The Gaelic term Gall Gaidheil, literally meaning "Stranger-Gaidheil", first appears on record in the mid-ninth century. At this period in time, the term Gall (plural Gaill) referred to Scandinavians, which indicates that Gall Gaidheil should be taken to mean "Scandinavian-Gaidheil".[13] The term appears to have been applied to a population of mixed Scandinavian and Gaelic ethnicity in the Hebrides and part of the former kingdom of Dál Riata. The leader of the Gall Gaidheil in the mid part of the century appears to have been a certain Caittil Find (possibly identical to Ketill Flatnefr), a man who may have been seated in the Hebrides.[14] If the little that is known of Caittil and his connection with the Gall Gaidheil is correct, it could be evidence that Suibne was a Hebridean chieftain as well.[15]

Refer to caption
Suibne's title as it appears on folio 39r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489 (the Annals of Ulster).[16]

The Scottish place name Galloway—rendered in modern Gaelic Gall-Ghaidhealaibh[17]—is derived from the Gaelic i nGall Gaidhealaib ("amongst the Gall Gaidheil").[18] The thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga refers to Galloway in Old Norse as Gaddgeðlar, a name clearly derived from Gall Gaidheil.[19] The region was certainly associated with the Gall Gaidheil earlier in the previous century.[20] Specifically, two members of the region's ruling family—Roland fitz Uhtred (died 1200) and Alan fitz Roland (died 1234)—are styled by the Annals of Ulster as "rí Gall Gaidhel" ("King of the Gall Gaidheil") like Suibne himself.[21] Although this title could suggest some sort of connection between Suibne and Galloway, there is no evidence of any familial link between him and the said later rulers.[22] In fact, the original mainland territory of the Gall Gaidheil appears to have been much more expansive than that of Galloway. For example, there is evidence to suggest that the entire region south-west of Clydesdale and Teviotdale made up the lands of the Gall Gaidheil.[23] Furthermore, the ninth-century Félire Óengusso Céli Dé and the ninth-century Martyrology of Tallaght reveal that Bute, an island of the Firth of Clyde, was encompassed within this wide-ranging Gall Gaidheil territory as well.[24]

Context

Refer to caption
The name of Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, Suibne's contemporary and possible rival, as it appears on folio 17r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "Eachmarcach".[25]

If Suibne ruled in Galloway, the notices of his death would be the first known instances of the term Gall Gaidheil in reference to the region.[18] It would also mean that he was a precursor to the similarly-styled Gallovidian rulers.[26] A more contemporary figure, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin and the Isles (died 1064/1065), may well have ruled in Galloway as well, if the style "rex Innarenn", accorded to him by Marianus Scottus (died 1082),[27] means "King of the Rhinns",[28] as opposed to the possible "King of the Isles".[29] Echmarcach was one of several northern kings who convened with, and possibly submitted to, Cnut, King of England in 1031.[30] If Suibne and Echmarcach were indeed associated with Galloway, Echmarcach's dealings with the English king—only a few years before the Suibne's death—could suggest that Echmarcach and Suibne were rivals within the region.[31] On the other hand, the evidence concerning Bute could indicate that the original territory of the Gall Gaidheil lay within the Firth of Clyde region and nearby Cowal. If so, the apparent record of Echmarcach ruling in the Rhinns could reveal that much of what came to be known as Galloway was originally separate from the Gall Gaidheil territory that apparently stretched southwards from the said firth, along the coast down to Carrick. This could mean that the Rhinns was not part of the Gall Gaidheil territory during Suibne's floruit, and only came to be incorporated into these lands at a later date, perhaps in the twelfth century.[32]

Refer to caption
The name of Amlaíb mac Sitriuc, a nearby contemporary of Suibne, as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "Amlaim mac Sitriuca".[33]

Another figure who may have held power in Galloway at about the time of Suibne's floruit was a particular son of Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin (died 1042).[34] According to the thirteenth-century Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, a son of Sitriuc named Amlaíb was the grandfather of Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd (died 1137). If this source is to be believed, Amlaíb held royal power in the Rhinns and Galloway (amongst other places).[35][note 2] In fact, Sitriuc had two sons named Amlaíb,[38] and it is not certain if either ruled as a king.[39] One of these like-named men died in 1013,[40] whilst the other died in 1034.[41] Either man could have been Ragnailt's father.[42] If Historia Gruffud vab Kenan refers to the latter, this source could be evidence that this Amlaíb was a contemporary of Echmarcach and Suibne, and could indicate that he held power in Galloway and the Isles at some point between 1028 (the year his father set out upon a pilgrimage) and 1034 (the year of his death).[43]

Refer to caption
The name of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, the reigning King of Alba and possible brother of Suibne, as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "Mael Colaim mac Cínaetha".[44]

The patronym borne by Suibne is the same as that of the reigning Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Alba (died 1034). In fact, this patronym could be evidence that he and Máel Coluim were brothers,[45] and that Suibne had been placed upon the throne in a region occupied by the Gall Gaidheil.[46][note 3] In support of such an act is the fact that the twelfth-century Prophecy of Berchán associates Máel Coluim with Islay,[51] and the claim by Ailred, Abbot of Rievaulx (died 1167) that Gallovidians were vassals of Máel Coluim's eventual successor Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, King of Alba (died 1093).[52] Máel Coluim certainly extended Scottish royal authority southwards into Lothian,[53] and Strathclyde.[54] If he had indeed managed to insert a brother into Galloway it could suggest that he possessed overlordship there as well, perhaps after his annexation of the former kingdom of the Cumbrians.[55] The notices of Suibne's demise, therefore, could be the first record of Scottish control of regions south-west of the River Clyde.[56]

Refer to caption
Excerpt from folio 131v of GKS 1005 fol (Flateyarbók): "Gaddgedlar".[57] The excerpt refers to eleventh-century Galloway. The Old Norse Gaddgeðlar is derived from Gall Gaidheil.[58]

One of the last recorded members of the Cumbrian royal dynasty was Owain Foel, King of the Cumbrians (fl. 1018), a man who lent military assistance to Máel Coluim against the Northumbrians in 1018.[59] It is possible that, following this man's death in or after 1018, Máel Coluim seized the Cumbrian kingship for himself.[60] There is also reason to suspect that Suibne's reign was somehow connected to the demise of Owain Foel's kingdom.[61] The uncertainty surrounding the exact extent of the eleventh century Gall Gaidheil, coupled with the absence of any contemporaneous record of the Cumbrian kingship, could indicate that portions of the latter realm had fallen prey to the expansion of the Gall Gaidheil.[62] One possibility is that Suibne, as King of the Gall Gaidheil, was personally responsible for the conquest of western maritime region of this British kingdom.[63] In fact, the Annals of Tigernach record a ravaging inflicted upon Britons in 1030 by both the Gaill of Dublin and the English.[64] Since this violent episode receives no corroboration from English and Welsh sources, such as the ninth–twelth-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the eleventh–thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ, it is possible that the recorded attack relates to the Cumbrians rather than the Welsh.[65][note 4] The claim by Historia Gruffud vab Kenan—that Sitriuc's son held power in the Rhinns amongst other regions—could be further evidence that the Cumbrians suffered from attacks by the Dubliners. Such incursions could well have been coordinated with the Gall Gaidheil.[70] Alternately, if Suibne and Máel Coluim were indeed brothers, another possibility is that Suibne's title is evidence that Máel Coluim mac Cináeda seized upon the vacated Cumbrian kingship and installed Suibne as King of the Cumbrians. Such a move may explain the Scots' failure to immediately exploit their victory over the Northumbrians, and could indicate that Máel Coluim's resources were instead projected against the vulnerable Cumbrians.[71]

Map of Britain and Ireland
The southward expansion of the Gall Gaidheil at the expense of the Cumbrians.

Echmarcach's meeting with Cnut included two other kings: Máel Coluim and the Moravian ruler, Mac Bethad mac Findlaích (died 1057).[72] Although Máel Coluim and Mac Bethad appear to have been related,[73] the nature of the relationship between Máel Coluim and Echmarcach is uncertain. If Suibne was indeed a brother of the Scottish king, and ruled in Galloway at his behest, it could be evidence that Echmarcach was another client-king of Máel Coluim.[74] In fact, the agreement with Cnut could indicate that Máel Coluim enjoyed overlordship over Mac Bethad and Echmarcach. If so, and if Máel Coluim indeed held power in the southern Hebrides as the Prophecy of Berchán seems to suggest, Echmarcach's realm may have encompassed Mann, the Rhinns, and only the Hebridean islands north of the Ardnamurchan peninsula.[75] If Suibne and Máel Coluim were indeed brothers, and the former owed his authority amongst the Gall Gaidheil to the power of the Scottish Crown, it is even possible that the Scots expelled Echmarcach from the Isles at some point between the concord with Cnut and Suibne's death as king.[50]

Refer to caption
The name of Boite mac Cináeda, a man who may have been a brother of Suibne, as it appears on folio 39r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489.[76]

Another possibility dependent upon kinship between Máel Coluim and Suibne concerns the fact that both men died within the same year.[77] The former was the final member of the Alpínid dynasty to rule the Kingdom of Scotland,[78] and was succeeded by his maternal-grandson, Donnchad ua Maíl Choluim (died 1040).[79] In fact, in the later stages of his career, Máel Coluim seems to have taken steps to remove potential threats to the royal succession, and in this context appears to have orchestrated the assassination of the son or grandson of a certain Boite mac Cináeda in 1033.[80] Not only is the exact identity of this man uncertain—as he could have been either a brother or cousin of Máel Coluim[81][note 5]—but Máel Coluim himself died under obscure circumstances.[83] If Máel Coluim and Suibne were indeed brothers, the deaths of both men within the same year could well be connected, and could be evidence of conflict between the kings, with Suibne himself dying in battle against Máel Coluim.[77] If Suibne indeed had no connection with the later rulers of Galloway, it is possible that his kingdom or sub-kingdom died with him.[84]

Notes

  1. ↑ Since the 1980s, academics have accorded Suibne various patronymic names in English secondary sources: Suibhne mac Cináeda,[2] Suibhne Mac Cinaedha,[3] Suibhne mac Kenneth,[4] Suibne mac Cinaeda,[5] Suibne mac Cináeda,[6] Suibne mac Cinaedh,[7] and Sweeney mac Kenneth.[8]
  2. ↑ The text makes a clear distinction between the Rhinns and Galloway, treating them as separate territories.[36] A cognate text that similarly connects Amlaíb to the Rhinns and Galloway is the twelfth-century Vita Griffini filii Conani.[37]
  3. ↑ Another possibility is that Suibne's patronym may point to kinship with Cináed mac Duib, King of Alba (died 1005).[47] The name Suibne / Suibhne was borne by the progenitor of the mediaeval Scottish (later Irish) Clann Suibhne, but this man—Suibhne mac Duinnshléibhe—seems to have been a much later figure.[48] Although pedigrees concerning the Scottish Clann Domhnaill note an apparent eleventh-century ancestor with the name, the names that these sources give for this particular man's father are nothing like the personal name Cináed.[49] Potential evidence against the possibility that Suibne was a member of the Scottish royal family is the fact that no other member of this family—the Alpínid dynasty—is known to have borne the personal name Suibne.[50]
  4. ↑ The Cumbrians and the Welsh were both known as Britons.[66] Although the twelfth-century Historia Regum Anglorum states that Eadwulf, Earl of Northumbria (died 1041) attacked Britons in 1038, it is not clear where these Britons were located. It is possible that these particular people were under Gall Gaidheil overlordship.[67] The attack itself may have been the subject of a particular prímscél ("chief tale")—Argain Sratha Cluada—that is mentioned by the thirteenth-century Book of Leinster.[68] Owain Foel, unlike his immediate royal predecessors, is accorded the title "rex Clutinensium" ("King of the Clydesmen"), a style that may reflect the diminishment of his domain at the hands of his neighbours.[69]
  5. ↑ For example, Boite could have been a son of Cináed mac Duib, Máel Coluim's first cousin.[82]

Citations

  1. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.3; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.3; Anderson (1922) p. 578; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  2. ↑ Hudson (2005); Hudson (1994).
  3. ↑ Ó Murchú (1992).
  4. ↑ Duncan (1996).
  5. ↑ Downham (2007); Broun (2004d); Woolf (2004); MacQueen (2003).
  6. ↑ McGuigan (2015); Bolton (2009); Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005).
  7. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005); Oram, RD (2000); Oram, RD (1988).
  8. ↑ Bolton (2009).
  9. ↑ McDonald (2015) p. 73; McGuigan (2015) p. 163; Etchingham (2014) p. 27; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1034.10; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.3; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 125; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1034.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1034.10; Downham (2007) p. 171; Woolf (2007) p. 253; Annals of Loch Cé (2005) § 1034.8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.3; Hudson (2005) p. 133; Broun (2004d) p. 136; MacQueen (2003) p. 69 n. 8; Oram, RD (2000) p. 7; Hudson (1994) p. 117; Ó Murchú (1992) p. 36; Oram, RD (1988) p. 7; Kapelle (1979) pp. 247–248 n. 39; Anderson (1922) p. 578, 578 n. 1.
  10. ↑ Etchingham (2014) p. 27; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 7; Smyth (1989) p. 213.
  11. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 7; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 7–8.
  12. ↑ Jennings, A (1996) p. 68.
  13. ↑ Jennings, A (2015); Jennings; Kruse (2009) pp. 123–124, 144; Woolf (2007) p. 100 n. 24; Jennings, A (1998) p. 46; Jennings, A (1996) p. 66.
  14. ↑ Jennings, A (2015); Jennings; Kruse (2009); Jennings, A (1996) pp. 66–67.
  15. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 7.
  16. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1034.10; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1034.10; Anderson (1922) p. 578 n. 1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489' (n.d.).
  17. ↑ Grant (2011).
  18. 1 2 Jennings, AP (2001).
  19. ↑ Baranauskienė (2012) p. 36; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 8; Vigfusson (1887) pp. 41 § 28, 41–42 nn. 5-6; Anderson; Hjaltalin; Goudie (1873) p. 28, 28 n. 1; Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 411.
  20. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 7.
  21. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1200.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1200.6; Annala Uladh... (2005) § 1234.1; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 96–97; Annala Uladh... (2003) § 1234.1; Jennings, AP (2001); Oram, RD (2000) p. 7; Oram, RD (1988) pp. 7–8.
  22. ↑ Oram, RD (1988) p. 7.
  23. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 574.
  24. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 574–575; Jennings; Kruse (2009) p. 133; Jennings, AP (2001); Jennings, A (1996) p. 68; Stokes (1905) pp. 175, 184–185.
  25. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1036.8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.8; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  26. ↑ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9.
  27. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 573; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson (2005) pp. 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram, RD (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99; Anderson (1922) pp. 590–592 n. 2; Waitz (1844) p. 559.
  28. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 107; Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 573–575, 573 n. 108; Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Downham (2007) p. 171; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson (2005) pp. 129, 138; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Etchingham (2001) p. 160; Oram, RD (2000) p. 17; Duffy (1992) pp. 98–99.
  29. ↑ Flanagan (2010) p. 231 n. 196; Duffy (2006) pp. 56–57.
  30. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 574; Oram, RD (2011) ch. 5; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Downham (2007) p. 171; Woolf (2007) pp. 244–248; Hudson (2005) pp. 75, 132–133; Broun (2004d) p. 137 n. 112; Hudson (1996) pp. 222–223.
  31. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 171.
  32. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 573–575.
  33. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  34. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 198 n. 125; Woolf (2007) p. 254.
  35. ↑ Williams (2012) pp. 22, 62–63; Downham (2007) p. 198 n. 125; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158–159; Oram, RD (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 99; Evans (1990) pp. 23–24, 53–55; Jones (1910) pp. 102–105.
  36. ↑ Etchingham (2001) p. 160.
  37. ↑ McGuigan (2015) pp. 107–108.
  38. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson (2005) p. 83 fig. 3; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35; Thornton (1996) p. 88; Oram, RD (2000) p. 16.
  39. ↑ Thornton (1996) p. 88, 88 n. 37.
  40. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson (2005) p. 83 fig. 3; Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35; Oram, RD (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88.
  41. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Hudson (2005) p. 83 fig. 3; Etchingham (2001) pp. 158 n. 35, 159, 187; Oram, RD (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88.
  42. ↑ Hudson (2005) pp. 83 fig. 3, 120–121; Etchingham (2001) p. 158 n. 35; Oram, RD (2000) p. 16; Thornton (1996) p. 88, 88 n. 36; Bartrum (1993) p. 171; Bartrum (1966) p. 136.
  43. ↑ Downham (2007) p. 198 n. 125; Etchingham (2001) pp. 159–161.
  44. ↑ The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1034.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1034.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).
  45. ↑ McGuigan (2015) pp. 163, 171; Clarkson (2014) ch. 9; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) p. 133; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 466 n. 1; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Hudson (1994) pp. 117–118, 158; Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39, 40 tab. 3, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
  46. ↑ Hudson (2005) p. 133; Woolf (2004) p. 100.
  47. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 171; Moody; Martin; Byrne (2005) p. 466 n. 1.
  48. ↑ Woolf (2007) pp. 253–254; Sellar (1971) p. 27.
  49. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 171; Woolf (2007) pp. 253–254; Woolf (2005) p. 3 fig. 1.
  50. 1 2 Woolf (2004) p. 100.
  51. ↑ McGuigan (2015) p. 171; Hudson (2005) p. 133; Woolf (2007) pp. 225–226, 253; Woolf (2004) p. 100; Hudson (1996) pp. 90, 221; Skene (1867) p. 99.
  52. ↑ Hudson (2005) p. 133; Hudson (1994) p. 158; Raine (1864) p. 178.
  53. ↑ Broun (2015a); Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 571; Oram, RD (2011) ch. 5; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) p. 133; Oram, R (2001); Hudson (1994) pp. 115–117.
  54. ↑ Oram, RD (2011) ch. 5; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) pp. 75, 133; Broun (2004c); Hudson (1994) p. 117.
  55. ↑ Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) p. 75; Hudson (1994) pp. 117–118.
  56. ↑ Hudson (1994) p. 117.
  57. ↑ Flateyjarbok (1862) p. 411; GKS 1005 Fol (n.d.).
  58. ↑ Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 96; Oram, RD (2000) p. 8.
  59. ↑ Broun (2015b); Edmonds (2014) pp. 209, 214; Taylor (2006) p. 26; Broun (2004c); Broun (2004d) pp. 134, 139 n. 117; Kapelle (1979) p. 38.
  60. ↑ Broun (2015a); Broun (2015b); Broun (2004c); Oram, R (2001); Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39.
  61. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 254; Broun (2004d) p. 136.
  62. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 254, 254 n. 49.
  63. ↑ Broun (2004d) p. 136.
  64. ↑ Edmonds (2014) p. 210, 210 n. 88; Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1030.11; Woolf (2007) p. 254; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1030.11; Broun (2004d) pp. 136–137.
  65. ↑ Clarkson (2010) ch. 9; Woolf (2007) p. 254; Broun (2004d) pp. 136–137.
  66. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 2.
  67. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 254, 254 n. 49; Arnold (1885) p. 198; Stevenson (1855) p. 557.
  68. ↑ Edmonds (2014) pp. 207–208, 208 n. 69; Book of Leinster (2012) §§ 24980–24985.
  69. ↑ Edmonds (2014) p. 209; Minard (2012); Minard (2006); Arnold (1885) p. 156.
  70. ↑ Broun (2004d) pp. 137–138.
  71. ↑ Kapelle (1979) pp. 38–39, 41, 247–248 n. 39.
  72. ↑ Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 574; Oram, RD (2011) ch. 5; Bolton (2009) p. 142; Downham (2007) p. 171; Woolf (2007) pp. 244–248; Hudson (2005) pp. 75, 132–133; Hudson (1996) pp. 222–223.
  73. ↑ Bolton (2009) p. 142; Hudson (2005) p. 133.
  74. ↑ Bolton (2009) p. 142.
  75. ↑ Hudson (1996) pp. 222–223.
  76. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1033.7; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1033.7; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).
  77. 1 2 Kapelle (1979) p. 41.
  78. ↑ Broun (2015a); Woolf (2009) p. 262; Broun (2004c).
  79. ↑ Broun (2004c).
  80. ↑ The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1033.7; Woolf (2009) p. 262; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1033.7; Woolf (2007) p. 247 n. 34; Broun (2004a); Broun (2004b); Broun (2004c); Duncan (1996) p. 113, 113 n. 25; Hudson (1996) p. 221; Smyth (1989) p. 226.
  81. ↑ Broun (2015a); Woolf (2009) p. 262; Woolf (2007) p. 247, 247 n. 34; Broun (2004b); Broun (2004c); Ross (2003) p. 145; Woolf (2001); Duncan (1996) p. 113, 113 n. 25; Hudson (1996) p. 221; Kapelle (1979) p. 41.
  82. ↑ Broun (2004b); Ross (2003) p. 145; Woolf (2001); Hudson (1996) p. 221; Smyth (1989) p. 226.
  83. ↑ Broun (2015a); Kapelle (1979) p. 41.
  84. ↑ Woolf (2007) p. 253.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

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