Rommel: The Desert Fox

Rommel: The Desert Fox
Author Desmond Young
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Genre Biography
Publication date
 1950
Media type Print

Rommel: The Desert Fox is a 1950 biography of the German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel by Desmond Young. The book was the first biography of Rommel and enjoyed immense popularity, especially in Britain. The book led the Western Allies, particularly the British, to depict Rommel as the "good German" and "our friend Rommel", contributing to the creation of the Rommel myth.

Background

Young had served in North Africa in the Indian Army and was once taken prisoner by Rommel's troops.[1] Young extensively interviewed Rommel's widow and collaborated with several individuals who had been close to Rommel, including Hans Speidel, with the British journalist and historian Basil Liddell Hart also supporting the project. Speidel had already written in 1946 that he planned to turn Rommel into "the hero of the German people", to give them a positive role model. Rommel was a suitable candidate, since the manner of his death had led to the assumption that he had not been a supporter of Nazism. Young subscribed to this view, subtly conveying that Rommel served the regime but was not part of it.[2][3]

Reception

The reception of The Desert Fox in Britain was enthusiastic, with the book going through eight editions in a year.[4] Following the publication of The Desert Fox, former military opponents in Britain described Rommel as a brilliant commander and a resistance fighter, with one senior military figure comparing Rommel to legendary military leader Belisarius. (The praise led Brian Horrocks, Montgomery's former deputy, to publish an article "The Rommel Myth Debunked" in April 1950, in which he argued that the 8th Army beat Rommel's Africa Corps "fair and square".)[5]

The book was not without its detractors. The review in Time magazine noted the legendary status Rommel had achieved in his lifetime and quoted another review that described Rommel as "the British army's favorite German general". The Time reviewer concluded that the book was "just this side of hero worship" and, quoting Ernest Bevin, a noted Labour politician, alluded to it being an example of the "trade union of generals" in action: Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, in a foreword to the book, honoured Rommel "as a soldier and a man" and Field Marshal Archibald Wavell included him "among the chosen few, among the very brave, the very true." The reviewer noted the obvious admiration Young had for the German generals and that the book may well "have been written by [one]".[6]

Writing in The Daily Telegraph, under the title "Rommel: A Flattering and Unconvincing Portrait", the conservative journalist Malcolm Muggeridge wrote that the 1951 movie based on the book represented "a tendency towards collective schizophrenia whereas (...) 'chivalry' towards a captured brigadier is in no wise incompatible with a foreign policy of perfidy and the brutal disregard for all the elementary decencies of civilised behaviour". Richard Grossman, a Labour MP, objected to the portrayal of Rommel as an anti-Nazi, writing (quotation marks and emphasis in the original):[7]

As a nation, we deceive ourselves into believing that there are two sorts of Germans—the Good German and the Bad German. The "Bad Germans" are Nazis, militarists, anti-democratic, and perpetrators of atrocities. The "Good Germans" are peace-loving democrats and real gentlemen. Ergo, since Rommel was a clean fighter, he must have been anti-Nazi, and men like him would make good allies of democracy against the Russians.

The historian Hugh Trevor-Roper commented that "the danger now is not that 'our friend Rommel' is becoming not a magician or a bogy-man, but too much of a hero" (quotations in the original). He pointed out Rommel's early proximity to Hitler and presented Rommel as representative of the support that the Wehrmacht officer corps offered for "Hitler's politics and Hitler's war".[8]

The Desert Fox film

The 1951 movie The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel, based on Young's biography, portrayed Rommel in a sympathetic way, as a loyal, humane soldier and a firm opponent to Hitler's policies.[9] The movie played up Rommel's disputed role in the conspiracy against Hitler, while omitting Rommel's early association with the dictator.[10][9] Critical and public reception in the US was muted, but the movie was a success in Britain, along with a less known 1953 movie The Desert Rats, where Mason reprised his portrayal of Rommel.[11]

Partick Major argues that the desert war indeed proved a suitable space to effect the reconciliation among the former enemies. The British popular history focused on the reconstruction of the fighting in that theatre of war, almost to the exclusion of all others. He states that The Desert Fox had a "catalytic effect" in creating an image of the German Army that would be acceptable to the British public.[4] The film received nearly universally positive reviews in Britain, while protests at the cinemas broke out in Vienna and Milan. Liddell Hart watched the movie with a group of high-ranking British officers and reported being "pleasantly surprised".[12][n 1]

Role in Rommel myth

Main article: Rommel myth

The Rommel myth refers to a view that the Rommel was an apolitical, brilliant commander and a victim of the Third Reich due to his (disputed) participation in the 20 July plot against Adolf Hitler. The myth was created, with Rommel's participation, as a component of Nazi propaganda to praise the Wehrmacht and instil optimism in the German public. Starting in 1941, it was picked up and disseminated in the West by the British press as the Allies sought to explain their apparent inability to defeat the Axis forces in North Africa. British military and political figures contributed to the Rommel myth by embracing the heroic image portrayed by Reich's propaganda as Rommel resumed offensive operations in January 1942 against the British forces weakened by redeployments to the Far East. Speaking before the Parliament, Churchill addressed the British defeats and described Rommel as an "extraordinary bold and clever opponent" and a "great field commander".[13][14]

Following the war, the Western Allies, particularly the British, depicted Rommel as the "good German" and "our friend Rommel". His reputation for conducting a clean war was used in the interest of the West German rearmament and reconciliation between the former enemies, Britain and the United States on one side and the new Federal Republic of Germany on the other. The Desert Fox and the 1953 publication of The Rommel Papers laid the foundation of the post-war myth.[15]

Young's book was uncritical and laudatory, "bordering on hagiography", according to Patrick Major.[3][1][16][n 2][n 3] It was another step in the development of the Rommel myth, with Rommel emerging as an active, if not a leading, plotter. Speidel contributed as well, starting, from the early 1950s, to bring up Rommel's and his roles in the plot, thus boosting his [Speidel's] suitability for the new military force of the Federal Republic, the Bundeswehr and then in NATO.[18]

According to the historian Mark Connelly, Young and Liddell Hart laid the foundation for the Anglo-American myth, which consisted of three themes: Rommel's ambivalence towards Nazism, his military genius and the emphasis of the chivalrous nature of the fighting in North Africa.[19] Their works lent support to the image of the "clean Wehrmacht" and were generally not questioned, since they came from British authors, rather than German revisionists.[20][n 4]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Patrick Major writes, quoting Liddell Hart: "'went to see it in a very critical frame of mind, from past experience of "Hollywood" handling of history', but 'was pleasantly surprised'."[12]
  2. ↑ Major: "Young had relied extensively on interviews with the Field Marshal's surviving widow, son and former comrades so that the positive picture that emerged is perhaps hardly surprising. Yet the overall effect bordered on hagiography".[3]
  3. ↑ Martin Kitchen: "Early biographies, such as that by Desmond Young, were positively adulatory."[17]
  4. ↑ Kitchen: "The North African campaign has usually been seen, as in the title of Rommel's account, as 'War without Hate', and thus as further proof that the German army was not involved in any sordid butchering, which was left to Himmler's SS. While it was perfectly true that the German troops in North Africa fought with great distinction and gallantry, (...) it was fortunate for their subsequent reputation that the SS murderers that followed in their wake did not have an opportunity to get to work." Kitchen further explains that the sparsely populated desert areas did not lend themselves to ethnic cleansing, that the German forces never reached Egypt and Palestine that had large Jewish populations and that, in the urban areas of Tunisia and Tripolitania, the Italian government constrained the German efforts to discriminate against Jews who were Italian citizens.[21]

Citations

Bibliography

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