Asampurna Melakarta

Carnatic music
Tanjavur-style Tambura
Concepts
Śruti Svara Rāga Tāḷa Mēḷakarta Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta
Compositions
Gītaṃ Svarajati Varṇaṃ Kriti Kirtana Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi Tillana
Instruments
Melody Sarasvati Vīṇa Veṇu Nādasvaraṃ Gottuvadhyam (Citra Vīṇa) Violin Percussion Mr̥daṅgaṃ Ghatam Morsing Kanjira Thavil Drone Tambura Shruti box
Composers Glossary

For currently formally accepted Melakarta system, see Melakarta.

The Asampurna Melakarta (transliterated as Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta) scheme is the system of 72 ragas (musical scales) originally proposed in the 17th century by Venkatamakhin in his Chaturdanda Prakasikha.^[1] This proposal used scales with notes that do not conform to the sampurna raga system. Skipped notes or repeated notes, etc., were used in some of the ragas.^[1] Some of the ragas of any Melakarta system will use Vivadi swaras (discordant notes). The original system is supposed to avoid such ill-effects and was followed by the Muthuswami Dikshitar school. The naming of the original system followed Katapayadi system.^[1] Muthuswami Dikshitar's compositions use the name of these ragas in the lyrics of the songs and is still referred to by those names even in radio / TV announcements of these songs.

Later Govindacharya came up with a more mathematical and regular system of 72 ragas, which is currently considered fundamental ragas (musical scales) in Carnatic music (South Indian classical music). These melakarta ragas were sampurna ragas. Some of the names of the ragas had to be modified to fit into the Katapayadi system.

Rules for Melakarta

In the Asampurna Melakarta system, there is no set rule for the ragas in contrast to the currently used system of Melakarta ragas.^[1]^[2] Some ragas though are the same in both systems (like 15 - Mayamalavagowla and 29 - Dheerasankarabharanam), and in some cases the scales are same, while names are different (like 8 - Janatodi and Hanumatodi, 56 - Chamaram and Shanmukhapriya).^[1]^[2]^[3]

History

The mela system of ragas was first propounded by Raamamaatya in his work Svaramelakalanidhi c. 1550. He is considered the father of mela system of ragas. Later Venkatamakhin expounded in the 17th century in his work Caturdandi Prakaasikaa a new mela system known today as melakarta.^[1] He had made some bold and controversial claims and defined somewhat arbitrarily 6 swaras from the known 12 semitones, at that time, to arrive at 72 melakarta ragas. The controversial parts relate to double counting of R2 (and similar swaras) and his exclusive selection of madyamas for which there is no specific reasoning (also known as asampurna melas as opposed to sampurna ragas). However, today the 72 melakarta ragas use a standardized pattern, unlike Venkatamakhin's pattern, and have gained significant following. Govindhacharya is credited with standardization of rules and giving a different name for such standard ragas, which have different structure but same swaras as that proposed by Venkatamakhin.^[1] The scales in this page are those proposed by Govindhacharya.

Chakras

The 72 melakarta ragas are split into 12 groups called chakras, each containing 6 ragas. The ragas within the chakra differ only in the dhaivatham and nishadham notes (D and N), as illustrated below. The name of each of the 12 chakras suggest their ordinal number as well.^[2]^[4]

Indu stands for the moon, of which we have only one - hence it is the first chakra.
Netra means eyes, of which we have two - hence it is the second.
Agni is the third chakra as it denotes the three divyagnis (fire, lightning and Sun).
Veda denoting four Vedas is the name of the fourth chakra.
Bana comes fifth as it stands for the five banas of Manmatha.
Rutu is the sixth chakra standing for the 6 seasons of Hindu calendar.
Rishi, meaning sage, is the seventh chakra representing the seven sages.
Vasu stands for the eight vasus of Hinduism.
Brahma comes next of which there are 9.
The 10 directions, including akash (sky) and patal (nether region), is represented by the tenth chakra, Disi.
Eleventh chakra is Rudra of which there are eleven.
Twelfth comes Aditya of which there are twelve.

Table of Melakarta ragas ^[1]^[5]

The 72 melakarta ragas can be divided into two parts: suddha Madhyamam and prati Madhyamam ragas. See Katapayadi sankhya for more information on how to derive the various swaras of a raga from its melakarta number. See swaras in Carnatic music for explanation of the notations like R1, G2, N2, etc.

'Shuddha Madhyamam ragas'
No.	Raga	Arohana	Avarohana	Sampurna raga
1.Indu Chakra
1	Kanakambari	S R₁ M₁ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Kanakangi
2	Phenadyuti	S R₁ M₁ P D₁ P N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Ratnangi
3	Ganasamavarali	S R₁ M₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Ganamurti
4	Bhanumati	S R₁ M₁ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Vanaspati
5	Manoranjani	S R₁ M₁ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Manavati
6	Tanukeerti	S R₁ M₁ P N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ N₃ P M₁ G₁ R₁ S	Tanarupi
2. Netra Chakra
7	Senagrani	S R₁ G₂ R₁ M₁ G₂ M₁ P N₁ D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ G₂ M₁ G₂ R₁ S	Senavati
8	Janatodi	S R₁ G₂ M₁ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ M₁ P G₂ R₁ S	Hanumatodi
9	Dhunibhinnashadjam	S R₁ G₂ M₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₂ R₁ S	Dhenuka
10	Natabharanam	S G₂ M₁ P N₂ D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ N₂ P N₂ P M₁ G₂ G₂ R₁ R₁ S	Natakapriya
11	Kokilaravam	S R₁ M₁ M₁ P M₁ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ D₂ P M₁ G₂ R₁ S	Kokilapriya
12	Rupavati	S R₁ M₁ P S' S'	S' N₃ D₃ N₃ P M₁ G₂ S	Rupavati
3. Agni Chakra
13	Geyahejjujji	S R₁ M₁ G₃ M₁ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Gayakapriya
14	Vativasantabhairavi^[1] (Dhativasantabhairavi^[2]^[3])	S R₁ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ M₁ G₃ M₁ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Vakulabharanam
15	Mayamalavagowla	S R₁ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Mayamalavagowla
16	Toyavegavahini	S R₁ G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Chakravakam
17	Chayavati	S R₁ G₃ M₁ D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Suryakantam
18	Jayashuddhamalavi	S R₁ G₃ M₁ P N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₃ N₃ P M₁ G₃ R₁ S	Hatakambari
4. Veda Chakra
19	Jhankarabhramari	S R₂ G₂ M₁ P D₁ N₁ D₁ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ G₂ R₂ G₂ R₂ S	Jhankaradhwani
20	Nariritigaula	S G₂ R₂ G₂ M₁ N₂ D₁ M₁ N₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ M₁ G₂ M₁ P M₁ G₂ R₂ S	Natabhairavi
21	Kiranavali	S R₂ M₁ P D₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P D₁ P M₁ P G₂ R₂ S	Keeravani
22	Shree raga	S R₂ M₁ P N₂ S'	S' N₂ P D₂ N₂ P M₁ R₂ G₂ R₂ S	Kharaharapriya
23	Gourivelavali	S R₂ G₂ S R₂ M₁ P D₂ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₂ R₂ S	Gourimanohari
24	Viravasantam	S R₂ M₁ P N₃ D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₁ M₁ R₂ G₂ S	Varunapriya
5. Bana Chakra
25	Sharavati	S M₁ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₁ D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ G₃ R₂ S	Mararanjani
26	Tarangini	S R₂ G₃ P D₁ N₂ D₁ P D₁ S'	S' D₁ P G₃ R₂ S R₂ G₃ M₁ G₃ R₂ S	Charukesi
27	Sowrasena	S R₂ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₁ G₃ R₂ G₃ S	Sarasangi
28	Harikedaragaula	S R₂ M₁ P N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₂ S	Harikambhoji
29	Dheerasankarabharanam	S R₂ G₃ M₁ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₁ G₃ R₂ S	Dheerasankarabharanam
30	Nagabharanam	S R₂ G₃ M₁ P N₃ D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₁ G₃ M₁ R₂ S	Naganandini
6. Rutu Chakra
31	Kalavati	S R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₁ D₁ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₁ R₃ G₃ M₁ R₃ S	Yagapriya
32	Ragachudamani	S M₁ R₃ G₃ M₁ P N₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₁ M₁ R₃ S	Ragavardhini
33	Gangatarangini	S R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P D₁ M₁ M₁ G₃ M₁ R₃ S	Gangeyabhushani
34	Bhogachayanata	S R₃ G₃ M₁ P N₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ N₂ P S' N₂ P M₁ R₃ S	Vagadheeswari
35	Shailadeshakshi	S M₁ G₃ P D₂ S'	S' N₃ D₂ S N₃ P M₁ R₃ S	Shulini
36	Chalanata	S R₃ G₃ M₁ P D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₁ R₃ S	Chalanata
'Prati Madhyamam ragas'
7. Rishi Chakra
37	Saugandhini	S G₁ R₁ G₁ M₂ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Salagam
38	Jaganmohanam	S R₁ G₁ M₂ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Jalarnavam
39	Dhalivarali	S G₁ R₁ G₁ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Jhalavarali
40	Nabhomani	S G₁ R₁ M₂ P D₂ P N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Navaneetam
41	Kumbhini	S G₁ R₁ G₁ M₂ P N₃ D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Pavani
42	Ravikriya	S G₁ R₁ G₁ M₂ P N₃ D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₂ G₁ R₁ S	Raghupriya
8. Vasu Chakra
43	Girvani	S R₁ G₂ M₂ P D₁ N₁ D₁ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₁ S	Gavambhodi
44	Bhavani	S R₁ G₂ M₂ P D₁ P N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₁ S	Bhavapriya
45	Shivapantuvarali	S R₁ G₂ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₁ S	Shubhapantuvarali
46	Stavarajam	S R₁ M₂ P D₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ G₂ S	Shadvidamargini
47	Sauviram	S R₁ G₂ M₂ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ M₂ G₂ R₁ S	Suvarnangi
48	Jivantika	S R₁ G₂ M₂ P D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₂ G₂ R₁ S	Divyamani
9. Brahma Chakra
49	Dhavalangam	S R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Dhavalambari
50	Namadeshi	S R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Namanarayani
51	Kashiramakriya	S G₃ R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Kamavardani
52	Ramamanohari	S R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Ramapriya
53	Gamakakriya	S R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₂ P S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Gamanashrama
54	Vamshavati	S R₁ G₃ M₂ P D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₂ G₃ R₁ S	Vishwambari
10. Disi Chakra
55	Shamalam	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Shamalangi
56	Chamaram	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Shanmukhapriya
57	Sumadhyuti	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Simhendramadhyamam
58	Deshisimharavam	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Hemavati
59	Dhaamavati	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Dharmavati
60	Nishadham	S R₂ G₂ M₂ P D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₂ G₂ R₂ S	Neetimati
11. Rudra Chakra
61	Kuntalam	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Kantamani
62	Ratipriya	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Rishabhapriya
63	Gitapriya	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Latangi
64	Bhushavati	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Vachaspati
65	Shantakalyani	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Mechakalyani
66	Chaturangini	S R₂ G₃ M₂ P D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ P M₂ G₃ R₂ S	Chitrambari
12. Aditya Chakra
67	Santanamanjari	S R₃ G₃ M₂ P D₁ S'	S' N₁ D₁ P M₂ R₃ S	Sucharitra
68	Joti	S R₃ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₁ P M₂ G₃ S	Jyoti swarupini
69	Dhautapanchamam	S R₃ G₃ M₂ P D₁ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₁ P M₂ R₃ G₃ S	Dhatuvardani
70	Nasamani	S R₃ G₃ M₂ P D₂ N₂ S'	S' N₂ D₂ P M₂ R₃ G₃ S	Nasikabhushani
71	Kusumakaram	S R₃ G₃ M₂ P D₂ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₂ P M₂ R₃ G₃ S	Kosalam
72	Rasamanjari	S R₃ G₃ S P M₂ P N₃ D₃ N₃ S'	S' N₃ D₃ N₃ P M₂ P R₃ G₃ S	Rasikapriya

Popular Melakarta scheme

Main article: Melakarta

Govindacharya learnt the 72 ragas scheme above of Venkatamakin and later proposed the symmetrical scales that is more in vogue today in terms of the official Melakarta scheme.^[1]

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal, by A Sundaram Iyer, Music Book Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai
1 2 3 4 Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications
1 2 Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras
↑ South Indian Music Book III, by Prof. P Sambamoorthy, Published 1973, The Indian Music Publishing House
↑ Pocket book of Melakarta ragas from CarnaticIndia website

External links

Melakarta Ragas

Shuddha
Madhyama
Ragas

Indu chakra	1. Kanakangi 2. Ratnangi 3. Ganamurti 4. Vanaspati 5. Manavati 6. Tanarupi

Netra chakra	7. Senavati 8. Hanumatodi 9. Dhenuka 10. Natakapriya 11. Kokilapriya 12. Rupavati

Agni chakra	13. Gayakapriya 14. Vakulabharanam 15. Mayamalavagowla 16. Chakravakam 17. Suryakantam 18. Hatakambari

Veda chakra	19. Jhankaradhvani 20. Natabhairavi 21. Keeravani 22. Kharaharapriya 23. Gourimanohari 24. Varunapriya

Bana chakra	25. Mararanjani 26. Charukesi 27. Sarasangi 28. Harikambhoji 29. Dheerasankarabharanam 30. Naganandini

Ritu chakra	31. Yagapriya 32. Ragavardhini 33. Gangeyabhushani 34. Vagadheeswari 35. Shulini 36. Chalanata

Prati
Madhyama
Ragas

Rishi chakra	37. Salagam 38. Jalarnavam 39. Jhalavarali 40. Navaneetam 41. Pavani 42. Raghupriya

Vasu chakra	43. Gavambhodi 44. Bhavapriya 45. Shubhapantuvarali 46. Shadvidamargini 47. Suvarnangi 48. Divyamani

Brahma chakra	49. Dhavalambari 50. Namanarayani 51. Kamavardani 52. Ramapriya 53. Gamanashrama 54. Vishwambari

Disi chakra	55. Shamalangi 56. Shanmukhapriya 57. Simhendramadhyamam 58. Hemavati 59. Dharmavati 60. Neetimati

Rudra chakra	61. Kantamani 62. Rishabhapriya 63. Latangi 64. Vachaspati 65. Mechakalyani 66. Chitrambari

Aditya chakra	67. Sucharitra 68. Jyoti swarupini 69. Dhatuvardani 70. Nasikabhushani 71. Kosalam 72. Rasikapriya

Janya Ragas

A-B	Abheri Abhogi Ahiri Amritavarshini Anandabhairavi Andolika Arabhi Asaveri Atana Bageshri Bahudari Bhairavi Bhupalam Bilahari Bowli

D-J	Darbari Kanada Devagandhari Dhanyasi Gambhiranata Garudadhvani Gaula Hamsadhvani Hamsanadam Hamsanandi Hindolam Jana Ranjani

K-M	Kalyanavasantam Kambhoji Kāpi Karnataka Shuddha Saveri Kedaragaula Kedaram Khamas Madhuvanti Madhyamavati Malahari Malayamarutam Mohanakalyani Mohanam

N-R	Nagasvaravali Nata Nattakurinji Navarasa kannada Niroshta Patmanjiri Pharaju Poornachandrika Ranjani Reethigowla Revagupti Revati

S	Sahana Salaga Bhairavi Saramati Saveri Shivaranjani Shree ragam Shree ranjani Shuddha Saveri Sindhu Bhairavi Sunadavinodini

U-V	Udayaravichandrika (Shuddha Dhanyasi) Valaji Varali Vasantha Yadukulakamboji

Carnatic music Swaras Melakarta Ragas Asampurna Melakarta Ragas List of Janya Ragas

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