List of massacres in India

For other topics with similar names, see Indian massacre (disambiguation).
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

A massacre is the deliberate slaughter of members of one group by one or more members of another more powerful group. A massacre may be indiscriminate or highly methodical in application. A massacre is a single event, though it may occur during the course of an extended military campaign or war. A massacre is separate from a battle (an event in which opposing sides fight), but may follow in its immediate aftermath, when one side has surrendered or lost the ability to fight, yet the victors persist in killing their opponents.

Pre-colonial India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Massacre at the Somnath Temple 1024 Prabhas Patan, Gujarat more than 50,000 Hindus After more than 50,000 people were slaughtered under the orders of Mahmud of Ghazni at the Somnath temple, the temple was looted and destroyed. [1]
Massacre of captives before the Battle of Dehli 1398 Dehli 100,000 prisoners of war Before the battle of Delhi took place, Timur killed 100,000 captives. [2]
Timurid massacre of Dehli 1398 Dehli Unknown (most of the Non-Muslim population in Dehli) After the massacre ended, the few remaining survivors either died of famine and disease or were enslaved. [3][4]
Timurid massacre of Meerut 1398 Meerut 300,000 people The massacre took place due to the people of Meerut beating one of Timur's soldiers to death for raping a Hindu woman. [5]
Siege of Chittorgarh 1567 Chittor Fort, Udaipur State 25,000 people 25,000 people were massacred whom had helped the resistance. [6]
Mass killings of non-Muslims by Emperor Aurangzeb Somewhere during 1618 – 1707 India 4.6 million people The mass killings happened during the reign of Aurangzeb who ordered one of the strongest campaign of religious violence against non-Muslims in the Mughul Empire's history, with an estimated 4.6 million people massacred and killed. [7]
Massacres during Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire 1738–1740 Northern India 300,000 people Persians invaders massacre Indian civilians [8]
Massacres after the Battle of Panipat 1761 Panipat, Haryana 40,000-70,000 Maratha soldiers About 22,000 Maratha women and young children enslaved by the Afghans [9][10]
Mangalore Christian massacre 1784-1799 Serirangapatanam, Karnataka 5,600 Christians Persecution of Mangalore Catholic Christians by Tippu Sultan [11]

Colonial India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Massacres by General Neill June–July 1857 Allahabad, Kanpur and surrounding areas Thousands of Indian mutineers, suspected rebels and civilians The massacres at Allahabad took place before the Bibighar massacre; the ones at Kanpur after it [12]
Delhi Palace, peepal tree massacre 16 May 1857 Delhi ~ 40 - 52 Europeans Bahadur Shah's palace servants executed the European civilians captured in the previous day's riots.
Siege of Cawnpore 5-25 June 1857 Cawnpore ~ 1,000 Europeans soldiers, merchants, engineers, their wives and children, along with the East India Company sepoys, who were either Christian or refused to mutiny, and join Nana Sahib
Jhokan Bagh massacre 8 June 1857 Jhansi ~ 60 European officers, their wives and children Some of the sepoys of the 12th Bengal Native Infantry were responsible for the massacre [13][14]
Satichaura Ghat massacre 27 June 1857 Kanpur ~ 200 British officers Massacre by Nana Sahib's forces [15]
Bibighar massacre 15 July 1857 Kanpur ~ 200 British women and children The victims were prisoners under Nana Sahib's forces. The massacre was carried out by a group of butchers, but who ordered it remains unclear. [16]
British massacres of Indians during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 1857-1859 India more than 100,000 Due to military orders of widespred killings of both Indian civilians and rebels. [17]
Jhansi massacre 3–4 April 1858 Jhansi Majority of the population, ~5,000 killed, after rebel city Jhansi was captured by British forces commanded by Sir Hugh Rose. After the city was captured street fighting continued into the following day and no quarter was given, even to women and children. "No maudlin clemency was to mark the fall of the city" wrote Thomas Lowe. [18][19]
Kuka(Namdhari) massacre at Malerkotla 17–18 January 1872 Malerkotla, Punjab ~ 65 Kuka(Namdhari) Killed Mr. Cowan(the Deputy Commissioner of Ludhiana) and Mr.Forsyth(the Commissioner of Ambala) ordered the Namdharis to be blown away with guns, without any trial, on 17 and 18 January 1872 respectively. [20]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919 Amritsar, Punjab 379-381 dead, ~1,100 mostly Sikhs, some Muslims and Hindus injured Reginald Edward Harry Dyer ordered a unit of the British Indian Army to open fire on a unarmed, nonviolent group of protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims.
Moplah Rebellion 1922 Malabar, Kerala 2,337-10,000 Hindus (1,00,000 Hindus permanently migrated). Khilafat Movement considered as main cause.
Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre 23 April 1930 Peshawar 1 British Indian Army dispatch rider, and ~ 20 - 230 Hindu - Muslims protesters After a British Indian Army despatch rider was killed and burned in the Bizarre two armoured cars were ordered to drive in and open fire on the protesters.
Culcutta Riots 15 August-17 September 1946 West Bengal 5,000 to 10,000 killed. Majority Hindus. Hindus and Muslims clashed during a protest by All India Muslim League [21]
Noakhali riots September - October 1946 East Bengal now Bangladesh 5,000 Hindus By Muslims in reaction to Culcutta killings. Muslim community attacked Hindu community for wealth and forced conversion to Islam. Around 50,000 to 75,000 survivors were sheltered in temporary relief camps [22][23][24]
Bihar Massacre 30 October - 7 November 1946 Bihar 2,000-30,000 Muslims By Hindus in reaction to Noakhali riots [25]
Garhmukteshwar Anti-Muslim Violence November 1946 United Provinces now Uttar Pradesh at least 214 Muslims partition of the country into India and Pakistan loomed. [26]

Independent India

Name/Place Date Location Deaths Notes Ref
Partition of India 1947 Punjab, Dehli and Sindh ~ 200,000 - 2,000,000 people Massacre of Sikhs and Hindus by Muslims in West Punjab and of Muslims by Sikhs and Hindus in East Punjab. The communal violence resulted in the murder of 20,000-25,000 Muslims in Dehli by Hindus. UNHCR estimates 14 million were displaced by the violence.
[27][28][29][30]
1947 Jammu massacres September–October 1947 Jammu 70,000 to 200,000 Muslims killed. In the Jammu region of princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, a large number of Muslims—estimated by some sources to as many as 200,000—were massacred and others driven away to West Punjab. The killings were carried out by extremist Hindus and Sikhs, aided and abetted by the forces of the Dogra State headed by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh. Observers state that Hari Singh’s aim was to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population and thereby gain power to continue his rule.
Hyderabad massacre of 1948 1948 Hyderabad 27000 - 40,000 (Official Estimate)

200,000 (Scholarly Estimate) Muslims killed.

Massacred by Hindus, and Indian army, as army and police unarmed Muslims in the state but let the Hindus keep their weapons after the Nizam was defeated. [31][31]
Kilvenmani massacre 25 December 1968 Nagapattinam Tamilnadu 44 Killed agricultural workers vs landlord
1969 Gujarat riots 1969 Gujarat 660 Hindu-Muslim riots; 430 Muslims
Turkman gate demolition and rioting 1976 Delhi officially 6, unofficially 150 killed by police (nearly all Muslims) Killing of Delhi residents who refused to move residence. [32]
Marichjhapi incident January 31, 1979 West Bengal Official figures 2, Hindustan Times quotes 50 to 1000 Hindu refugees Killing of refugees who came from East Pakistan [33]
Moradabad riots 1980 Uttar Pradesh Officially 400; unofficial estimates as high as 2500. Started as a Muslim-Police conflict; later turned into a Hindu-Muslim riot [34]
Mandai massacre 1980 Tripura 255-500 Bengali Hindu refugees [35]
Nellie massacre 18 February 1983 Assam 2,191 Muslims in Assam [36]
Train Passenger massacre I (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 23 February 1984 Punjab 11 Hindus
1984 anti-Sikh riots 31 October - 4 November 1984 Delhi 2800 to 8000 Sikhs all over India Series of pogroms by Congress supporters after Assassination of Indira Gandhi
Hondh-Chillar massacre (part of the 1984 anti-Sikh massacres) 2 November 1984 Hondh-Chillar, Haryana 32 Sikhs Rioting by Indian National Congress Party members after Assassination of Indira Gandhi.
Desri Ground massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 28 March 1986 Ludhiana, Punjab 13 Hindus
Mallian massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 29 March 1986 Jalandhar, Punjab 20 Hindu labourers
Bus Passenger massacre III (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 25 July 1986 Mukatsar, Punjab 15 Hindus
Bus Passenger massacre IV (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 30 November 1986 Khudda, Punjab 24 Hindus
Hashimpura massacre 22 May 1987 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims
Bus Passenger massacre V (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) July 1987 Fatehbad, Haryana 80 Hindus
Jagdev Kalan massacre(part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 6 August 1987 Punjab 13 Hindus
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Bhagalpur riots October 1989 Bhagalpur, Bihar The total dead numbered around 1000, around 900 were Muslims; it was difficult to establish the religious identity of other victims. Two false rumors about the killing of Hindu students started circulating: one rumor stated that nearly 200 Hindu university students had been killed by the Muslims, while another rumor stated that 31 Hindu boys had been murdered with their bodies dumped in a well at the Sanskrit College.
1990 Kashmiri Pandit genocide 1990s Kashmir 219-399 Hindus 140,000 to 192,000 Hindus were forced to abandon their ancestral land. [37][37][38]
Gawakadal massacre 20 January 1990 Srinagar, Kashmir 50 Kashmiri protesters The early 90's witnessed large scale violence at the behest of Pak sponsored militants. The Security Forces to maintain peace & stability acted against the militants. However, the militants merging with local protestors opened fire with locals getting violent & resorting to heavy stone pelting.
Rajbah massacre (part of the terrorist incidents in Punjab) 31 March 1988 Punjab 18 Hindus belonging to 1 family
Train Passenger massacre II (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) 15 June 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 80 ( mostly Hindus)
Train Passenger massacre III (part of the 1991 Punjab killings) December 1988 Ludhiana, Punjab 49 ( mostly Hindus)
Ayodhya massacre October 30, 1990 Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh 200 Hindus Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mulayam Singh Yadav ordered to police firing on devotee Karsevaks and the dead bodies thrown in Saryu river. [39][40][41]
Bombay Riots December 1992 - January 1993 Mumbai 575 Muslims, 275 Hindus, 45 unknown and 5 others Hindu-Muslim communal riot as an effect of Demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya
Sopore massacre 6 January 1993 Sopore, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protesters Firing on procession by Security Forces
Bijbehara Massacre October 22, 1993 Bijbehara, Kashmir 55 Kashmiri protestors Indian armed forces fired upon unarmed Kashmiri protestors resulting in 55 civilian deaths.
Rampur Tiraha firing case 1-2 October 1994 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 6 Uttarakhand activists Police fired to stop protesters to go to Delhi and some women were allegedly raped and molested in the ensuing melee.
Laxmanpur Bathe massacre 1 December 1997 Arwal district, Bihar 58 Upper caste Ranvir Sena enter village at night and kill 58 Dalits, were sympathizers of the Maoists behind the killing of 37 upper caste men in Bara in Gaya district in 1992. [42]
1998 Wandhama massacre 25 January 1998 Wandhama, Jammu and Kashmir 23 Kashmiri Pandit Unknown gunmen
1998 Prankote massacre 17 April 1998 Jammu and Kashmir 26 Hindus
1998 Chapnari massacre 19 June 1998 Chapnari, Jammu and Kashmir 25 Hindus Muslim Terrorist groups
1998 Chamba massacre 3 August 1998 Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh 35 Hindus Communal Riots
Chittisinghpura massacre 20 March 2000 Chittisinghpura, Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir 36 Sikhs Islamic Terrorist groups
Gourangatilla massacre 2000 Tripura 16 non-tribal Hindus By Christian extremist. Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura [43]
Bagber massacre 20 May 2000 Tripura 25 non-tribal Hindus By Christian extremist. Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura [43]
Tripura Tribal massacre (Part of Christian terrorism in Tripura) 1999-2000 Tripura 20 tribal Hindus Includes murder of tribal Hindu spiritual leader Shanti Kali, and Hindu religious leader Labh Kumar Jamatia. [44][45]
Nanoor massacre 27 July 2000 West Bengal 11 labourers
2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre 1 August 2000 Jammu and Kashmir 30 (Hindu pilgrims) Muslim Terrorist groups
2001 Kishtwar massacre 3 August 2001 Jammu and Kashmir 19 Hindus Muslim Terrorist groups
Godhra massacre 27 February 2002 Godhra, Gujarat 59 Hindus Hindu passengers burnt alive in a train fire.The commission set up by the Government of Gujarat to investigate the train burning spent 6 years going over the details of the case, and concluded that the fire was arson committed by a mob of 1000-2000 people.A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime. [46][47][48]
2002 Gujarat Violence 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 2,044 people were killed(1254 Muslims and 790 Hindus), 2,500 injured. Communal Violence [49]
Gulbarg Society massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Ahmedabad 69 (mostly Muslims)
Naroda Patiya massacre (part of the 2002 Gujarat violence) 28 February 2002 Naroda, Ahmedabad 97 Muslims [50][51][52]
Raghunath Hindu temple massacre I (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 30 March 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 11 Hindus killed, 20 injured (Hindu devotees) Muslim Terrorist
2002 Qasim Nagar massacre 13 July 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 29 Hindus Terror Attack
Akshardham Temple attack 24 September 2002 Gujarat 29 killed, 79 injured (Hindus) terrorists groups
Raghunath Hindu temple massacre II (part of 2002 Raghunath temple attacks) 24 November 2002 Jammu & Kashmir 14 killed, 45 injured (mostly Hindu devotees) terrorists groups
2003 Nadimarg Massacre 23 March 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 24 Hindus terrorists groups
2002 Kaluchak massacre 14 May 2002 Jammu and Kashmir 31 terrorists groups attack Tourist bus and Army's family quarter attacked.
Marad Massacre May 2003 Kerala 8 killed, 58 injured - A.
2006 Varanasi bombings March 2006 Uttar Pradesh 28 killed, 101 injured -Devotees of Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple targeted Terrorist attack Hindu temple.
2006 Doda massacre 30 April 2006 Jammu & Kashmir 35 Hindus terrorists
Samjhauta Express Massacre 18 February 2007 Diwana station 68 people mostly Pakistani nationals and some Indians including some Railway employees [53]
Tumudibandh violence (part of the Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda) August 2008 Orissa 5 Hindus By Christian extremists
Kandhamal riots August 2008 Orissa 42 Christians [54]
Mumbai massacre 26 November 2008 Mumbai 164+(11 Attacker) & (600+ Injuries) 11 coordinated attacks by foreign terrorists; casualties include people of various nationalities, and Israeli victims were reportedly tortured before being killed. [55]
2010 Dantewada bus bombing 17 May 2010 Chhattisgarh 76 Maoist terrorist attacked civilian bus
2012 Assam violence July 2012 Assam 77 Racial sentiments of the majority Assamese and Bodo community towards the local Bengali speaking Muslim community leads to several attempts to deport the minority Bengali Muslums to Bangladesh forcefully, thus with a protest in defence from the other party, Communal violence broke out between Assamese, Bodos (Tribal, Christian & Hindu faith) and Bengali speaking Muslims
2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley 25 May 2013 Chhattisgarh 28 28 people from a Congress Party motorcade
2013 Muzaffarnagar riots 25 August 2013 - 17 September 2013 Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus killed and 93 injured Eve-teasing, murder of a Muslim boy, then public lynching of the murderers (two Hindu boys) triggered communal riot between the Jats & the Muslim community.
2014 Meerut riots 10 May 2014 Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 3 killed and 50 injured [56][57]
2014 Saharanpur riots 25 July 2014 Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh 3 killed and 33 injured [58]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Many Muslim historians have written about religious violence in India during the 11th century. For example, see Habibu-s Siyar's Khondamir, Haidar Razi's Tarikh-i Alfi, works of Nizamuddin Ahmad and Firishta; On the killing of 50,000 Hindus by the Muslim army, during the attack on Somnath temple, see Khondamir by Habibus Siyar page 182-183
  2. ↑ John Keay (2011). India: A History: From the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-First Century. Grove Press. ISBN 0802195504. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
  3. ↑
  4. ↑
  5. ↑
  6. ↑ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 174. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  7. ↑ Matthew White (2011), Aurangzeb - in Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History, W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0393081923
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ T. S. Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761 (in Marathi and English) (Deccan College Monograph Series. I), Pune (1946)
  10. ↑ James Grant Duff History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5), Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826"
  11. ↑ Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8. An article based on the book: Sarasvati's Children by Joe Lobo.
  12. ↑ Heather Streets (2004). Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914. Manchester University Press. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-0-7190-6962-8. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  13. ↑ Hamilton, R.N.C (July 17, 1858). "London Gazette" (PDF). London Gazette (3339). Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  14. ↑ "THE MASSACRE AT JHANSI". Otago Witness (308). 24 October 1857. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  15. ↑ Alex Tickell (17 June 2013). Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830-1947. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-61841-3. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  16. ↑ Michael Gorra (15 April 2008). After Empire: Scott, Naipaul, Rushdie. University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–. ISBN 978-0-226-30476-2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  17. ↑ Dalrymple, The Last Moghul, pp.4-5
  18. ↑ Edwardes (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; p. 122
  19. ↑ Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books, pp. 120-21
  20. ↑ Rebels Against the British Rule (1995). Bhai Nahar Singh & Bhai Kirpal Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors; Page XXI
  21. ↑ Encyclopedia of Mass Violence "CASE STUDY: The Calcutta Riots of 1946"
  22. ↑ Khan, Yasmin (2007). The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan. Yale University Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780300120783.
  23. ↑ "India from 1900 to 1947 | Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse". www.sciencespo.fr. 2016-01-20. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  24. ↑ Sinha, Dinesh Chandra; Dasgupta, Ashok (2011). 1946: The Great Calcutta Killings and Noakhali Genocide. Kolkata: Himangshu Maity. pp. 278–280. ISBN 9788192246406.
  25. ↑ Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), p. 111.
  26. ↑ Pandey, Gyanendra (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 9780521002509.
  27. ↑ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN 9780415565660.
  28. ↑ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781134378258.
  29. ↑ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  30. ↑ Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-231-13847-5.
  31. 1 2 Thomson, Mike (2013-09-24). "India's hidden massacre". BBC. Retrieved 2013-09-26.
  32. ↑ India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics ISBN 9788131725672
  33. ↑ Bhattacharya,, Snigdhendu (25 April 2011). "Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  34. ↑ Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan (1991). "14. Moradabad Riots, 1980: Causes and Meanings". In Asgharali Engineer. Communal riots in post-independence India. Universities Press. pp. 209–227. ISBN 978-81-7370-102-3. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  35. ↑ "350 Bengalis Are Massacred in Indian Village". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 16, 1980. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
  36. ↑
    • Chadha, Vivek, Low Intensity Conflicts in India. Sage Publications, 2005.
  37. 1 2 U S Congress Bill
  38. ↑ 399 Pandits killed since 1990
  39. ↑ "1990 decision to order firing on 'kar sevaks' painful, Mulayam Singh Yadav says - The Times of India". The Times Of India. 16 July 2013.
  40. ↑ "Mulayam warns rioters, recalls order to shoot kar sevaks - The Times of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  41. ↑ "Mulayam indulging in votebank politics through Ayodhya Kar Sevak firing comment: JD (U) | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. 2013-07-16. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
  42. ↑ Arun Kumar (Apr 8, 2010). "16 to hang for killing 58 in Bihar village". The Times of India. Retrieved 2013-10-10.
  43. 1 2 19 Killed in Tripura Massacre Rerun
  44. ↑ "Hindu preacher killed by Tripura rebels". BBC News. 2000-08-28.
  45. ↑ "Tripura tribal leader killed". BBC News. 2000-12-27.
  46. ↑ "South Asia | Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 2005-05-11. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  47. ↑ "Times Of India". Retrieved 11 September 2012.
  48. ↑ Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted NDTV – 1 March 2011
  49. ↑ "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC. 11 May 2005.
  50. ↑ "Ex-BJP Minister among 32 convicted of Naroda-Patiya massacre". The Hindu. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Naroda Patiya massacre: BJP MLA Maya Kodnani, Bajrang Dal leader Babu Bajrangi and 30 others convicted". CNN-IBN. Aug 29, 2012.
  52. ↑ "Godhra verdict: 31 convicted in Sabarmati Express burning case - Times Of India". Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  53. ↑ "Direct hand of Aseemanand in Samjhauta blasts: NIA". http://www.hindustantimes.com/. External link in |work= (help)
  54. ↑ "Kandhamal riots probe Commission issues notice to former DGP`s". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  55. ↑ "HM announces measures to enhance security" (Press release). Press Information Bureau (Government of India). 11 December 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  56. ↑ "Meerut: District administration laxity led to communal riots?". One India. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  57. ↑ "50 injured in Meerut riot". DNA India. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  58. ↑ thehindu.com
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