List of journalists killed in Guatemala

Guatemala is one of the most dangerous countries for journalists and media workers in Latin America.[1][2] At least 342 journalists were murdered and 126 were disappeared or illegally arrested during the Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996).[2][3] On average, that would calculate to one attack each month for 36 years.[3] When fighting broke out between the leftist guerrilla movements and the right-wing government, journalism became a dangerous profession in the country.[4] Hundreds of media workers were beaten, imprisoned, kidnapped, or even killed for writing about corruption, repression, organized crime, and human right violations committed by the regime.[5] As the intensity of the civil war increased in the 1970s, Guatemalan journalism polarized and journalists became involved in politics. If a citizen wanted to report a crime, they went to the press, not to law enforcement; people who wanted to voice their political opposition sent their work for publication to newspapers, not to the Guatemalan government. By 1985, when Guatemala readopted its constitutional rule, press freedom began to improve.[6] When a peace treaty was signed in 1996, the atmosphere improved for journalists in Guatemala and the killings of media workers dropped significantly.[7] However, attacks against the press and targeted killings continued under the form of organized crime.[8]

The end of the civil war made the Guatemalan press "free" in several aspects; newspapers began to publish articles about government corruption, a topic that was frequently avoided during the war-time era, in increasing numbers. Despite these improvements, journalists in Guatemala learned to adopt a culture of self-censorship that dates back to the civil war.[9] Negative attitudes from the government towards the Guatemalan press continue to exist, and the press lacks the economic independence to break away from the government and its advertisements and become fully autonomous.[10] Most of the media outlets in the country are centered in Guatemala City, the capital.[4] Journalists who work in the capital have better working conditions and are better protected from attacks than those living in the provinces,[11] where they are easily pressured by local officials for their direct reporting.[12] Since the mid-2000s, drug-related violence and the presence of Mexican organized crime, in particular of Los Zetas, has increased the number of homicides in Guatemala and attacks against the press.[13][14]

During the Guatemalan Civil War

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Location Media outlet Status Refs
1948Alejandro CórdovaGuatemalaEl ImparcialKilled[15]
20 August 1960Manuel Ávila Ayala
(pen name): Meme Ayala		GuatemalaDiario de CentroaméricaKilled[16]
12 July 1967José Arnoldo Guilló MartínezEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentRadio Sur
Radio Palmeras		Disappeared[17]
4 September 1967José Torón BarriosGuatemalaVoz de la LiberaciónKilled[16]
1968Gonzalo AcevedoGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentLa HoraKilled[18]
1970sLuis Díaz PérezGuatemalaN/AKilled[18]
1970sEnrique SalazarGuatemalaN/AKilled[18]
29 April 1970Julio César de la RocaGuatemalaLa NaciónKilled[18][19]
20 November 1970Enrique Salazar SolórzanoGuatemalaEl Debate
Guatemala Flash		Disappeared[20]
20 November 1970Luis Díaz PérezGuatemalaGuatemala FlashDisappeared[20]
10 December 1970Humberto González JuárezGuatemalaN/AKilled[18][21]
15 May 1974Werner Roswald Trejo ÁlvarezGuatemalaN/ADisappeared[22]
19 July 1975Julio Roberto PensamientoSan Agustín Acasaguastlán, El ProgresoLa NaciónKilled[23]
22 July 1975José María López ValdizónGuatemalaAlero
Presencia
Revista de Guatemala		Disappeared[23]
28 July 1975Carlos Humberto OliverosGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentNuevo Diario del AireDisappeared[24]
15 December 1976Manuel de Jesús MendizábalGuatemalaN/ADisappeared[24]
19 May 1979Carlos Gilberto Aquino CruzJalapa, JalapaOrientalKilled[24]
22 September 1978Héctor Augusto VásquezHuehuetenango, HuehuetenangoRadio PoderosaDisappeared[24]
6 November 1978Antonio Estuardo Ciani GarcíaGuatemalaAsociación de Periodistas EscolaresDisappeared[25]
11 December 1978José Héctor Sosa VilledaGuatemalaGuate CosasKilled[26]
19 November 1979José León CastañedaGuatemalaSIMCOSKilled[27]
1980Baltasar Toy MedranoGuatemalaRadio QuichéKilled[28]
1980Víctor Galeano RodríguezGuatemalaN/AKilled[29]
March 1980Hugo Rolando MelgarGuatemala7 DíasKilled[30]
17 April 1980Oscar Enrique Ovalle BarrillasGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentN/ADisappeared[31]
21 June 1980Manuel René PolancoGuatemalaPrensa LibreDisappeared[29]
24 June 1980Belte Elvidio VillatoroGuatemalaNuevo DiarioKilled[32]
5 July 1980Marco Antonio Cacao MuñozGuatemalaRadio SensaciónKilled[33]
5 July 1980Eliot HernándezRetalhuleu, RetalhuleuLa NaciónKilled[29]
16 July 1980Samuel González RomeroGuatemalaPrensa en AcciónKilled[34]
17 July 1980Manuel de Jesús Marroquín CastañedaGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentN/AKilled[35]
26 July 1980Julio César Coronado EspinozaEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentEl EstudianteKilled[36]
1 August 1980José Alfredo GonzálezEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentClarín
Radio Tropicana		Killed[37]
1 August 1980Julio Cojón TecúnEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentRadio TropicanaKilled[38]
1 August 1980Alberto SantistebanEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentRadio TropicanaKilled[37]
1 August 1980Julio Solórzano BeltetónEscuintla, Escuintla DepartmentRadio TropicanaKilled[37]
5 August 1980Mario Ribas MontesGuatemalaLa Hora
El Imparcial
Diario de Centroamérica		Killed[39]
5 September 1980Luis Alberto Romero
(pen name): Timoteo Curruchiche		GuatemalaRadio SonoraKilled[40]
15 September 1980Ramiro Antonio García JiménezGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentNuevo DiarioDisappeared[41]
6 October 1980Felipe Zepeda y ZepedaGuatemalaRadio QuicheKilled[26]
14 October 1980Víctor Hugo PensamientoEl Progreso DepartmentLa Nación
Tele Prensa
Radio Nuevo Mundo		Killed[41]
16 October 1980Irma Flaquer AzurdiaGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentLa HoraDisappeared[42][43]
24 October 1980Gaspar Culán YatazSantiago Atitlan, SololáRadio Voz de AtitlánKilled[44][45]
19 December 1980Alaíde FoppaGuatemalaEl Imparcial
El Nacional		Disappeared[46]
19 December 1980José Guilló MartínezGuatemalaN/ADisappeared[47]
19 December 1980Sergio SánchezRetalhuleu, RetalhuleuTeleprensaKilled[47]
19 December 1980Carlos SiliézarEscuintla, EscuintlaN/AKilled[47]
1981Francisco ParGuatemalaN/AKilled[48]
1981Paredes QuiñónezGuatemalaN/AKilled[48]
30 January 1981Oscar Rolando FigueroaGuatemalaN/AKilled[45]
4–15 February 1981Simón Estansilao CabreraGuatemalaRadio MusicalKilled[49]
6 February 1981Jorge Marroquín MejíaGuatemalaMundo Nuevo
El Independiente		Killed[50]
21 February 1981Simón Leonidas Cabrera RiveraGuatemalaRadio JutiapaKilled[51]
24 February 1981Óscar Arturo Palencia PinedaGuatemalaSiete Días en la USACKilled[52]
10 March 1981Oscar Leonel Mujía CórdobaHuehuetenango, Huehuetenango DepartmentNuevo MundoDisappeared[31]
31 March 1981Luis Alfredo LópezGuatemalaN/AKilled[53]
21 April 1981Isidro Mirando LópezGuatemalaRadio TropicalKilled[53]
21 May 1981Fulvio Alirio Mejía MiliánCuilapa, Santa RosaLa Nación
El Independiente		Killed[54][53]
21 May 1981Edgar Rolando Castillo RiveraQuetzaltenango, QuetzaltenangoRadioperiódico AméricaKilled[55][45]
16 June 1981Rodrigo Ramírez MoralesGuatemalaConsejo Nacional de la PublicidadDisappeared[56]
23 July 1981Sonia Calderón de MartellGuatemalaEl GráficoDisappeared[57][58]
9 August 1981Mario Solórzano FoppaGuatemalaInfopress
Nuevo Diario		Killed[59]
11 August 1981Abner Daniel Recinos AlfaroGuatemalaSeisDisappeared[60]
16 September 1981Didier Juvenal Martell GonzálezChiquimulilla, Santa RosaEl GráficoKilled[61]
1982Agustín Tzaloj TuistSololá, Sololá DepartmentRadio QuicotéKilled[62]
21 January 1982Carmen Jax SayGuatemalaRadio UtatlánKilled[63]
2 February 1982Roberto Girón LemusGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentLa NaciónKilled[45]
1989Danilo BarillasGuatemala¿Por Qué?Killed[57]
29 March 1989Griffith DavisQuiché, GuatemalaFreelance journalistKilled[64][65]
29 March 1989Nicholas Chapman BlakeQuiché, GuatemalaFreelance journalistKilled[64][65]
15 October 1990Humberto González GamarraGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentN/AKilled[66][67]
15 October 1990Miguel Ángel CortínGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentN/AKilled[67]
3 July 1993Jorge Carpio NicolleChichicastenango, QuichéEl GráficoKilled[68][69]
24 December 1993Víctor Manuel de la CruzGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentRadio SonoraKilled[70]
12 September 1994Victor Hugo López EscobarGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentRadio ProgresoKilled[71]
29 January 1995Alberto Antoniotti MongeGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentEl GráficoKilled[72]
11 November 1995Edwin Estuardo Mansilla De LeónGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentRadio ProgresoKilled[33][73]
11 April 1996Juan José YantucheMixco, Guatemala DepartmentTV NoticiasKilled[74]
10 December 1996Israel Hernández MarroquínGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentInfopress CentroamericanoKilled[75]

After the Guatemalan Civil War

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Date Name Location Media outlet Status Refs
5 June 1997Jorge Luis Marroquín SagastumeJocotán, ChiquimulaSol ChortíKilled[76]
16 July 1997Norman Homero Hernández PérezTiquisate, EscuintlaRadio CampesinaKilled[77]
14 November 1997Luis Ronaldo de Leon GodoyGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentPrensa LibreKilled[78]
27 December 1999Larry LeeGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentBridge Financial NewsKilled[79]
28 April 2000Roberto Martínez CastañedaGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentPrensa LibreKilled[80]
25 June 2000Francisco Antonio Castillo GálvezGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentAvancesKilled[81]
5 September 2001Jorge Mynor Alegría ArmendárizPuente Barrios, IzabalRadio AmatiqueKilled[82]
24 July 2003Héctor RamírezGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentNoti-7
Radio Sonora		Killed[83][84]
11 September 2006Eduardo Heriberto Maas BolCobán, Alta VerapazRadio PuntoKilled[85]
3 May 2007Mario Rolando López SánchezGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentRadio SonoraKilled[86]
23 January 2008Hugo ArceGuatemala¿Y Qué?Killed[87]
12 April 2008Rubén Bozarreyes LunaGualán, ZacapaRadio GualánKilled[87]
10 May 2008Jorge Mérida PérezCoatepeque, QuetzaltenangoPrensa LibreKilled[88]
22 October 2008Abel Girón MoralesGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentEl PeriódicoKilled[89]
2009Luis Alberto Oliva OrellanaChiquimula, ZacapaN/AKilled[90]
1 April 2009Rolando Santiz de LeónGuatemala City, Guatemala DepartmentTelecentro TreceKilled[91]
5 June 2009Marco Antonio EstradaChiquimula, ZacapaTelediarioKilled[92]
27 May 2010Anibal ArchilaGuatemala CityNote7Killed[93]
18–19 May 2011Yensi Roberto Ordoñez GaldámezNueva Concepción, EscuintlaChannel 14Killed[94]
20 March 2013Jaime Napoleón Jarquín DuarteCiudad Pedro de Alvarado, JutiapaNuestro DiarioKilled[95]
7 April 2013Luis Alberto Lemus RuanoJalpatagua, JutiapaCafé TV
Radio Stereo Café		Killed[96]
7 August 2013 Luis de Jesús LimaZacapa, ZacapaLa SultanaKilled[97]
20 August 2013Carlos Alberto Orellana ChávezSuchitepéquez DepartmentCanal Óptimo 23Killed[98]
10 March 2015Danilo LópezMazatenango, SuchitepéquezPrensa LibreKilled[99]
10 March 2015Federico SalazarMazatenango, SuchitepéquezNuevo MundoKilled[99]
14 March 2015Guido Armando Giovanni Villatoro RamosChicacao, Suchitepéquez DepartmentCanal 14Killed[100]

Sources

References

  1. ↑ Bevan, Anna-Claire (15 August 2012). "Reading between the lines: journalism in Guatemala". New Internationalist. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  2. 1 2 IFEX 2012, p. 16.
  3. 1 2 Méndez Arriaza, Claudia (January 2012). "Death by Byline". Utne Reader. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  4. 1 2 Shea 2001, p. 65.
  5. ↑ Lansford, Tom (2012). Political Handbook of the World 2012. SAGE. p. 562. ISBN 1608719952.
  6. ↑ Smeets (11 August 1999). "Speaking Out: Postwar Journalism in Guatemala and El Salvador". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  7. ↑ Rockwell 2003, p. 176.
  8. ↑ Shea 2001, p. 66.
  9. ↑ O'Kane, Trish (1999). Guatemala in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics and Culture. Interlink Books. p. 52. ISBN 1566562422.
  10. ↑ Shea 2001, p. 68.
  11. ↑ "Attacks on the Press 2001: Guatemala". Committee to Protect Journalists. 26 March 2002. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  12. ↑ "Attacks on the Press 2004: Guatemala". Committee to Protect Journalists. 2004. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  13. ↑ Lauría, Carlos (2009). "Drug Trade, Violent Gangs Pose Grave Danger". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  14. ↑ Abbot, Thomas (4 September 2013). "Violence against journalists in Guatemala spikes again". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  15. ↑ Quiñónez de Paz, Tito Fernando (March 2005). "Análisis del espacio redaccional de las noticias económicas en el matutino Siglo Veintiuno" (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  16. 1 2 ODHAG2 1999, p. 169.
  17. ↑ CEH3 1999, p. 156.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 CEH3 1999, p. 157.
  19. ↑ "JULIO CESAR DE LA ROCA". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  20. 1 2 ODHAG2 1999, p. 170.
  21. ↑ ODHAG 2005, p. 171.
  22. ↑ "WERNER ROSWALD TREJO ALVAREZ". The Journalists Memorial, Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  23. 1 2 ODHAG2 1999, p. 173.
  24. 1 2 3 4 ODHAG2 1999, p. 174.
  25. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 175.
  26. 1 2 "Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 61-64 of 64)". Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "ANNUAL REPORT OF THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS 1980-1981". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 16 October 1981. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  28. ↑ "BALTAZAR TOY MEDRANO". Newseum. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  29. 1 2 3 ODHAG2 1999, p. 177.
  30. ↑ Erlick 2004, p. 2.
  31. 1 2 CEH3 1999, p. 161.
  32. ↑ "CAPÍTULO IV: DERECHO A LA SEGURIDAD E INTEGRIDAD PERSONAL" (in Spanish). Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos. 13 October 1981. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  33. 1 2 "PERIODISTAS MUERTOS Y DESAPARECIDOS: GUATEMALA (74)" (in Spanish). Infoamérica. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  34. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 178.
  35. ↑ CEH4 1999, p. 385.
  36. ↑ ODHAG 2005, p. 179.
  37. 1 2 3 ODHAG2 1999, p. 179.
  38. ↑ "JULIO COJÓN TECÚN". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  39. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 97.
  40. ↑ ODHAG 2005, p. 180.
  41. 1 2 ODHAG2 1999, p. 180.
  42. ↑ "IRMA FLAQUER, Guatemala" (in Spanish). Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  43. ↑ Galán, José (18 December 2004). "Involucran al prófugo con la desaparición de una periodista". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  44. ↑ Southerland, Daniel (12 December 1980). "WHEN TOURISTS AND GUERRILLAS SHARE A TOWN". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  45. 1 2 3 4 "Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 11-20 of 64)". Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  46. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 109.
  47. 1 2 3 ODHAG2 1999, p. 181.
  48. 1 2 ODHAG2 1999, p. 182.
  49. ↑ "SIMON ESTANISLAO CABRERA". Newseum. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  50. ↑ "JORGE MARROQUÍN MEJÍA". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  51. ↑ "SIMÓN LEONIDAS CABRERA RIVERA". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
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  53. 1 2 3 ODHAG 2005, p. 183.
  54. ↑ "FULVIO ALIRIO MEJÍA MILIÁN". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  55. ↑ CEH2 1999, p. 790.
  56. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 184.
  57. 1 2 "Crimes Against Journalists: Guatemala (Displaying Cases 1-10 of 64)". Latin American Democracy Defense Organization. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  58. ↑ Libbey, John (1996). 1996 report: freedom of the press throughout the world. Reporters Without Borders. p. 359. ISBN 1860205089.
  59. ↑ ODHAG2 1999, p. 121.
  60. ↑ "ABNER DANIEL RECINOS ALFARO". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  61. ↑ ODHAG 2005, p. 186.
  62. ↑ CEH3 1999, p. 164.
  63. ↑ "CARMEN JAX SAY". The Journalists Memorial, by Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  64. 1 2 "GRIFFITH DAVIS". Newseum. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  65. 1 2 Fix-Zamudio, Héctor (1996). "Blake Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment of July 2, 1996, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  66. ↑ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, ed. (1994). Inter-American Year Book on Human Rights. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 252. ISBN 0792332164. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  67. 1 2 "GUATEMALA: Humberto GONZÁLEZ GAMARRA and Miguel Angel CORTÍN". Amnesty International. 17 October 1990. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  68. ↑ "IAPA asks Guatemalan officials to solve murder impunity against journalist Jorge Carpio Nicolle". Inter American Press Association. 2 July 2004. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  69. ↑ Fix-Zamudio, Héctor. "Carpio Nicolle Case, Order of the Court of June 4, 1995, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R.". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  70. ↑ "TITLE: GUATEMALA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993". United States Department of State. 31 January 1994. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  71. ↑ "Victor Hugo López Escobar". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  72. ↑ "Alberto Antoniotti Monge". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  73. ↑ Annual Report. Original form at Indiana University: Inter-American Press Association. 1996. p. 42.
  74. ↑ "Journalist Juan Jose Yantuche dies as a result of his injuries". IFEX (organization). 18 April 1996. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  75. ↑ "Israel Hernández Marroquín". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  76. ↑ "Jorge Luis Marroquín Sagastume". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  77. ↑ "Norman Homero Hernández Pérez: Guatemala, 1 killed". International Press Institute. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  78. ↑ "Luis Ronaldo De León Godoy". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  79. ↑ Arana, Ana (1 July 2000). "Case: Larry Lee. His throat had been slashed twice, in sloppy strokes". Inter American Press Association. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  80. ↑ "LA SIP LAMENTA LA MUERTE DE UN PERIODISTA Y SE SUMA AL DUELO DE LA PRENSA GUATEMALTECA" (in Spanish). Sociedad Interamericana de Prensa. 28 April 2000. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013. |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)
  81. ↑ "Guatemala: Asesinado periodista". La Nación (San José) (in Spanish). 25 June 2000. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  82. ↑ "RSF indignado por asesinato de periodista, otro periodista recibe amenazas de muerte" (in Spanish). IFEX (organization). 11 September 2001. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  83. ↑ "Muere periodista guatemalteco en jornada de protestas". Esmas.com. Televisa. 24 July 2003. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  84. ↑ "Héctor Ramírez". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  85. ↑ "Matan a periodista en Cobán". Prensa Libre (in Spanish). 11 September 2006. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  86. ↑ "CJFE CONDEMNS THE KILLING OF JOURNALIST MARIO ROLANDO LÓPEZ SÁNCHEZ". Canadian Journalists for Free Expression. 7 May 2007. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  87. 1 2 "ASESINADO A DISPAROS UN CORRESPONSAL DEL DIARIO PRENSA LIBRE" (13 May 2008) (in Spanish). Reporteros Sin Fronteras. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  88. ↑ "Jorge Mérida Pérez". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  89. ↑ "Graphic artist at daily "El Periódico" killed in crossbow attack". IFEX (organization). 27 October 2008. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  90. ↑ IFEX 2012, p. 20.
  91. ↑ "Television reporter Rolando Santiz murdered, photographer Juan Antonio de León Villatoro wounded". IFEX (organization). 3 April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  92. ↑ "GUATEMALA [informe 2009]" (in Spanish). Infoamérica. 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  93. ↑ "Hundreds flee Guatemala volcano". BBC. May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
  94. ↑ "Yensi Roberto Ordoñez Galdámez". Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  95. ↑ "Journalist gunned down in southeastern department of Jutiapa". Reporters Without Borders. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  96. ↑ "DW: Luis Alberto Lemus Ruano, 1 killed". International Press Institute. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  97. ↑ "La SIP condena el asesinato del periodista guatemalteco Luis de Jesús Lima". Yahoo News (in Spanish). 7 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  98. ↑ "One journalist murdered, another attacked, in Guatemala". Committee to Protect Journalists. 20 August 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  99. 1 2 "OEA condena muerte de Danilo López y Federico Salazar" (in Spanish). Prensa Libre. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  100. ↑ "Capturan a 3 supuestos homicidas de periodista guatemalteco" (in Spanish). La Prensa Gráfica. 14 March 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

Bibliography

External links

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