Coronary artery ectasia

Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease that occurs in only 0.3-4.9% of people in North America. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by the enlargement of a coronary artery to 1.5 times or more than its normal diameter.[1] The disease is commonly asymptomatic and is normally discovered when performing tests for other conditions such as coronary artery disease, stable angina and other acute coronary syndromes.[2][3] Coronary artery ectasia occurs 4 times more frequently in males than in females and in people who have risk factors for heart disease such as smokers.[1][4][5] While the disease is commonly found in patients with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, it can occur by itself and in both cases it can cause health problems. The disease can cause the heart tissue to be deprived of blood and die due to decreased blood flow, and blockages due to blood clots or spasms of the blood vessel.[2] This blood flow disruption can cause permanent damage to the muscle if the deprivation is prolonged. Coronary artery ectasia also increases the chance of developing large weak spots in the affected coronary arteries, or aneurysms that can rupture and result in death.[1] The damage can result in angina which is pain in the chest and is a common complaint in these patients.

Diagnosis

To discover the extent and severity of coronary artery ectasia there are a variety of diagnostic tools used. The most common method for discovering the disease is through angiography. Angiography is the procedure where a contrast dye is entered into the vessels and an x-ray is taken, which will allow the vessels to be seen on the x-ray.[6] Using angiography clinicians are able to display the size, location and number of vessels affected by the disease.[6] Is can also be analyzed through other methods such as intravascular ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging.[6] Using these diagnostic methods, is has been discovered that the disease normally occurs most often in the right coronary artery, followed by the left anterior descending artery, and finally the left anterior circumflex artery.[7] Using these methods Coronary artery ectasia can be divided into four different types: Type 1¬→diffuse ectasia in 2-3 different vessels, Type 2¬→ diffuse disease in 1 vessel and local disease in another, Type 3¬→ diffuse disease in one vessel and Type 4¬→ localized or segmental ectasia.[7]

Pathology

Coronary artery ectasia is commonly found in patients with diseases of the connective tissue and an increased inflammatory response such as Marfan syndrome and Kawasaki Disease.[8] It can also be found transiently in patients that have undergone stent placement resulting in the stretching of the vessels 1. Coronary artery ectasia is characterized by an increased wall stress of the vessel, thinning of the arterial wall which causes progressive dilation and remodelling of the vessel.[2] The permanent dilation of the artery is thought to be mainly caused by inflammation, triggered by disease, chemicals, or physical stress of the vessel.[3] The inflammatory response results in an over expression of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine proteinases, and serine proteinases that causes the partial breakdown of the vessel and weakens it.[3][9] The inflammation response will also trigger platelet activation which increases the risk of blood clots. The risk of blood clots will increase due to the turbulent blood flow of the enlarged vessel which can activate platelets and form clots.[10] Inflammation elevated oxidative stress is increased, and antioxidant activity is depressed in coronary artery ectasia. This imbalance can cause damage to the cells and cause them to die, weakening the vessels further.[11] The activation of the inflammatory response causes a detectable increase in C reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and cell adhesion molecules, which can be used as a diagnostic marker,.[5][6]

Treatment

The treatment of coronary artery ectasia is normally done in conjunction with therapies of other heart disorders such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. To prevent the formation of blood clots and the blockage of the vessels, patients are commonly placed on anticoagulant therapy (e.g. warfarin, and aspirin), as well as anti-spasm therapy of calcium channel blockers.[7] Coronary artery ectasia also responds to statins and ACE inhibitors.[11]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W. , Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, Tzu Chi Med, 20(14), 270-274
  2. 1 2 3 Hsu, P.C., Su, H.M., Lee, H.C., Juo, S.H., Lin, T.H., Voon, W.C., Lai, W.T., and Sheu, S.H.(2014)Coronary artery collateral circulation in patients of coronary ectasia with significant coronary artery disease.PLOS ONE,9(1), doi: 10.13.71
  3. 1 2 3 Antoniadia, A.P., Chatzizisis, Y.S., and Giamoglou, G.P. (2008) Pathogenic mechanisms of coronary ectasia. Int J Cardio, 130, 335-343
  4. ↑ Hartnell, G.G., Parnell, B.M. and Pridie, R.B. (1985) Coronary artery ectasia: its prevalence and clinical significance in 4993 patients. Br Heart J, 54, 392-405
  5. 1 2 Li, J., Nie, S., Qian, X., Zeng, H., and Zhang, C. (2009) Chronic inflammatory status in patients with coronary artery ectasia. Cytokine, 46, 61-64
  6. 1 2 3 4 Aydn, M., Texn, I.O., Dogan, S.M., Yildirum, N., Arasli, M., Sayn, M. and Aktop, Z.(2009)The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with isolated coronary artery ectasia.Mediat Inflamm.Doi:10.1155/2009/106/145
  7. 1 2 3 Lin, C.T., Chen, C.W. , Lin, T.W., and Lin, C.L (2008) Coronary artery ectasia, Tzu Chi Med 20(14), 270-274
  8. ↑ Sayn, T., Doven, O., Berkalp, B., Akyurek, O., Gulec, S. and Oral, D. (2001) Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery ectasia without obstructive coronary artery disease. ‘’Inter J Cardio’’, 78,143-149
  9. ↑ Theodoros, A., Korovesis, S., Giazitzoglou, E., Kokladi, M., Venetsanakos, I., Paxinos, G., Fragakis, N.and Katritsis, D. (2013) Clinical and angiographic characteristics of patients with coronary artery ectasia. Int J Cardio, 167, 1536-1541
  10. ↑ Varol, E., Uysal, B,A., Dogan, A., Ozaydin, M. and Erodogan, D. (2012) Mean platelet volume as a prognostic value in patients with coronary artery ectasia. Clin Appl Thromb-Hema,18(4), 387-392
  11. 1 2 Sezen, Y., Bas, M., Polat, M., Yildiz, A., Buyukhatipoglu, H., Kucukdurmaz, Z., Kaya, Z. and Demirbag, R. (2010) The relationship between oxidative stress and coronary artery ectasia. Cardio J, 17(5), 488-494
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