Chief Justice of Fiji

The Chief Justice is Fiji's highest judicial officer. The office and its responsibilities are set out in Chapter 5 of the 2013 Constitution of Fiji.^[1] The Chief Justice is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister, who is required by the Constitution to consult the Attorney-General (Section 106-1). Under the previous 1997 Constitution, the Prime Minister was required to consult with the Leader of the Opposition.^[2] The appointment is permanent, until the Chief Justice reaches the age of 75 years (Section 110-1).

Like other judges, the Chief Justice need not be a Fijian citizen. When Sir Timoci Tuivaga retired in 2002, there were calls from the Citizens Constitutional Forum (a pro-democracy, human rights organization) for a foreigner to be appointed, to restore the independence of the judiciary that had been seen to be politically compromised by the 2000 coup. The government, however, appointed Fijian Daniel Fatiaki. In 2007, the military-backed interim government appointed Australian citizen Anthony Gates as Acting Chief Justice; he became permanent Chief Justice on 5 December 2008.

Powers of Chief Justice

According to Chapter 5 of the 2013 Constitution, the Chief Justice sits on the High Court (Section 100) and presides over the Supreme Court (Section 98), but is barred from membership of the Court of Appeal. This stipulation is designed to give the Appeal Court a measure of independence from the other two courts. The Chief Justice also chairs the Judicial Service Commission (Section 104(a)).

According to the 2013 Constitution of Fiji, the Chief Justice is the first in the order of succession to discharge the duties of the President as the Acting President should the President of Fiji be absent from the duty or from Fiji or is for any other reason unable to perform the function of the president or if the Office of the President becomes vacant for any reason. The 2013 Constitution also stipulates that in the absence of the Chief Justice, the next senior most substantive judge performs the duties of the President as the Acting President.

History of the office

Before 1871, when Seru Epenisa Cakobau established the first unified Kingdom of Viti under his authority, what is now Fiji was a patchwork of warring fiefdoms. Forming a government dominated by foreigners, Cakobau appointed Sir Charles St Julian, an Australian newspaper editor, as the first Chief Justice in 1872. St Julian died in office a few weeks after Cakobau ceded Fiji to the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874, under the provisions of the Pacific Islanders Protection Acts of 1872 and 1875,^[3][4] (amended in 1875),^[5] (long title: An Act for the Prevention and Punishment of Criminal Outrages upon Natives of the Islands in the Pacific Ocean) which sought to bring the rule of law to British subjects who were using unconventional methods to supply labour for the European-run cotton plantations in Fiji. St. Julian was followed as Chief Justice in 1875 by Sir William Hackett.

From 1877 through 1961, the Chief Justice of Fiji was ex officio Chief Justice of the High Commissioner's Court, more commonly known as the Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific, the chief judicial officer throughout the British Western Pacific Territories, a supra-colonial entity established by the Western Pacific Orders-in-Council 1877 (amended in 1879 and 1880), and by the Pacific Order-in-Council 1893.^{[note 1]} Appeals lay to the Privy Council in London. From 1942 to 1945 the High Commission was suspended by military administration during the War in the Pacific. Headed by a High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, who was also ex officio the Governor of Fiji, until the end of 1952, it included numerous islands, mostly small, throughout Oceania. Composition varied over time, but Fiji (1877-1952) and the Solomon Islands (1893-1976) were its most durable members.

From the beginning of 1953, Fiji and Tonga were separated from the High Commission as a prelude to full independence, and the High Commission offices were transferred to Honiara on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The office of High Commissioner was separated from that of the Governor of Fiji and was now held by the Governor of the Solomon Islands). The High Commissioner's Court, however, continued to sit in Suva, and the Chief Justice of Fiji remained the Chief Judicial Commissioner of the Western Pacific until 1962.

From 1962 onwards, functions of the High Commissioner's Court began to be transferred to the increasingly independent island states under the provisions of Western Pacific (Courts) Order in Council, 1961.^[6] The Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific became the Chief Justice of the High Court of the Western Pacific, and removed from Fiji to join the rest of the British High Commission in the Solomon Islands. The position was separated from that of the Chief Justice of Fiji.^[7]

Fiji gained independence on 10 October 1970. Although no longer connected with the British High Commission, the position of Chief Justice of Fiji continued to be filled by judges from Britain, Australia and New Zealand until the appointment of Sir Timoci Tuivaga in 1980.

The constitutional arrangements relating to the Chief Justice were temporarily overturned in 2000, following a counter-coup by Commodore Frank Bainimarama to neutralize a civilian coup d'état instigated by George Speight. The then-Chief Justice, Sir Timoci Tuivaga recognized the Interim Military Government that took office and abrogated the Constitution on 29 May, and drafted the controversial Administration of Justice Decree that was immediately promulgated by the military administration. This decree abolished the Supreme Court, made the Chief Justice head of the Appeal Court, and raised the retirement age of the Chief Justice from 70 years to 75. These changes were reversed following a decision of the High Court to reinstate the Constitution on 15 November 2000, a decision upheld by the Appeal Court on 1 March 2001.

Current Chief Justice

The present Chief Justice is Anthony Gates, who succeeded Daniel Fatiaki following the military coup that deposed the Qarase government on 5 December 2006, when Commodore Josaia Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama, the Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces and Acting President of Fiji, sent Fatiaki on leave. The military regime named him as Acting Chief Justice on 3 January 2007, and installed him as the substantive Chief Justice on 5 December 2008.

List of Chief Justices of Fiji

#	Incumbent	Portrait	Tenure		Head of State	Notes
			Took office	Left office
Chief Justice of Fiji (1872-1874)
	Charles Rossiter Forwood Acting		1872	1872	Seru Epenisa Cakobau	Filled in as Chief Justice in an interim capacity, pending the appointment of Sir Charles St Julian as the first substantive Chief Justice.
1.	Sir Charles St Julian[8]		1872	27 August 1874	Seru Epenisa Cakobau Victoria	Appointed during the short-lived Kingdom of Viti. Retired shortly before Fiji's annexation by the United Kingdom on 10 October 1874, but died a few weeks later — before a pension could be arranged.
2.	Sir William Hackett [9][10]		1875	1876	Victoria
Chief Justice of Fiji and Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific (1877-1962)
3.	Sir John Gorrie[11][12]		1877	1882	Victoria
	Fielding Clarke Acting		1882	1882	Victoria
4.	Sir Henry Wrenfordsley[13][14][15]		1882	1885	Victoria
	Fielding Clarke Acting for Wrenfordsley		1884	1885	Victoria
5.	Fielding Clarke		1885	1889	Victoria
6.	Sir Henry Berkeley[16][17][18][19]		1889	1902	Victoria Edward VII
7.	Sir Charles Major[20][21][22][23][24]		1902	1914	Edward VII George V
	Albert Ehrhardt[25] Acting for Major		1910	21 February 1911	Edward VII George V	Ehrhardt, the then Attorney-General of Fiji, acted as Chief Justice while Major, the incumbent Chief Justice, was acting as Governor of Fiji.
8.	Sir Charles Davson[26][27][28][29][30]		1914	1922	George V
	Sir Kenneth Muir MacKenzie[31][32] Acting		1922	1923	George V
9.	Sir Alfred Young, KC		1923	1929	George V
10.	Sir Maxwell Anderson, CBE, KC, RN (retd.)		1929	1936	George V Edward VIII
11.	Owen Corrie, MC[33]		1936	1942	Edward VIII George VI
	Office suspended		1942	1945	George VI
12.	Sir Claud Seton, MC[34][35][36]		25 April 1945	22 November 1949	George V
13.	Sir James Thomson		1949	1953	George VI Elizabeth II
14.	Sir Ragnar Hyne[37][38][39][40][41]		1953	1958	Elizabeth II
15.	Sir Albert Lowe[42]		1958	1962	Elizabeth II
Chief Justice of Fiji (1962–present)
16.	Sir John Macduff MC[43][44][45]		1962	11 July 1963	Elizabeth II	Died in office.
	Sir Clifford Hammett[46] Acting		1963	1963	Elizabeth II
17.	Richard Hugh Mills-Owens[47][48]		1963	1967	Elizabeth II
18.	Sir Clifford Hammett[49][50][51][52]		1967	1972	Elizabeth II	Fiji became independent of the United Kingdom on 10 October 1970. All existing judicial and political office holders either remained in office, or were grandfathered into new roles. The role of the Chief Justice was unchanged.
19.	Sir John Nimmo, CBE[53][54]		1972	1974	Elizabeth II
20.	Sir Clifford Grant[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]		1974	1980	Elizabeth II
21.	Sir Timoci Tuivaga[63]		1980	31 July 2002	Elizabeth II Sitiveni Rabuka Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara Ratu Josefa Iloilo	Following two military coups in 1987, Fiji became a republic. A President replaced the Monarch as Head of State. Chief Justice Tuivaga remained in office throughout.
22.	Daniel Fatiaki		1 August 2002	3 January 2007 (de facto) 5 December 2008 (de jure)	Ratu Josefa Iloilo	Following the military coup on 5 December 2006, Fatiaki was sent on leave on 3 January 2007. He attempted to return to his office later that month, but was formally suspended by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 19 January. He formally resigned on 5 December 2008.
23.	Anthony Gates		3 January 2007 (de facto) 18 December 2008 (de jure)	Incumbent	Ratu Josefa Iloilo Ratu Epeli Nailatikau George Konrote	Appointed Acting Chief Justice by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 3 January 2007, he succeeded to the office substantively on 5 December 2008, following Fatiaki's resignation.

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

• Biles, John (1996). "Western Pacific Territories". In Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert. Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 1156–7. ISBN 9780313293672. 

• Brereton, Bridget (1997). Law, Justice and Empire: The Colonial Career of John Gorrie 1829-1892. University of the West Indies Press. ISBN 9789766400354. 

• Care, Jennifer Corrin; Paterson, Donald Edgar (2007). Introduction to South Pacific Law (revised, 2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781845680398. 

• Daley, Kevin (1996), Communalism and the challenge of Fijian unity (PDF)  (D. Phil. dissertation)

• Lal, Brij V.; Fortune, Kate (2000). The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824822651. 

• Lavaka, Penny (1981). "The Tonga Ma'a Tonga Kautaha: a watershed in British-Tongan relations". Pacific Studies. Institute for Polynesian Studies. 4 (2, Spring 1981). 

Further reading

• Library Resources for Pacific History, University of Auckland Library
• Duff, Peter (1997) The evolution of trial by judge and assessors in Fiji Care, Jennifer Corrin (ed.) Journal of Pacific Studies Volume 21: Sources of Law in the South Pacific.
• Handley, K.R. (2001) The constitutional crisis in Fiji. The Australian Law Journal, Volume 75, November 2001, pp. 688–693.