Asega-bôk
The Asega-bôk, the name literally translating as "Book of the Judges", was part of the legal code for the Rustringian Frisians.[1][2] The oldest known manuscript version of it, the First Riustring Manuscript (now in Oldenburg) is, besides the oldest extant text in Frisian, one of the oldest remaining continental codes of Germanic law.
History and background
A codex containing a copy of the code, the First Riustring Manuscript, survives in the archives at Oldenburg (24, 1, Ab. 1).[3][4] While Joseph Bosworth believed it to have been written somewhere between 1212 and 1250 A.D.,[2] twentieth-century scholars date it ca. 1300,[5] although some of the materials that it incorporates date to 1050.[6] That version is the oldest surviving work written in Old Frisian,[1] and one of the oldest surviving continental Germanic law codes (the Gulating law, possibly ca. 1150, may be older).[7] The first modern scholarly edition was published in 1961 by Wybren Jan Buma (Buma 1961) in Dutch;[8] a year later Buma, in cooperation with Germanic law scholar Wilhelm Ebel, published an edition and translation in German (Buma 1963).[7][4]
The term asega by itself is translated as "lawman" or "speaker of law", and refers to the Germanic tradition of having an orator recite law (which did not have to be written) in assembly, a practice attested in the Scandinavian Gutalagen.[9]
Contents
One part of the book is the Old Frisian version of the Fifteen Signs before Doomsday. Buma observed that the Asega-bôk's version has a style, compared to that of other versions, that is particularly Frisian. Although the list matches other versions, a conclusion was appended to it by its unknown author, who took multiple versions of the list as his or her source, in Buma's opinion, although relying mainly upon one. Rolf Bremmer noted that the attribution of the list to Jerome in the Asega-bôk's version was copied from Pseudo-Bede, and that the added conclusion is similar to Comestor's Historia scholastica. The deduction that it was taken from Comestor is what pushes the 20th century dating of the Asega-bôk later than Bosworth's dating, given that Comestor died in 1178.[10]
The book comprises, in order: [5][11]
- two similar, but not identical, versions of The Prologue to the Statutes and Land Laws (supporting the hypothesis, made by Buma, that the book is a compilation of prior texts from multiple sources);[5]
- the Seven Statutes and the Twenty-Four Land Laws;
- the General Fine Register, part 1 (of 2);
- the Riustring Fine Register;
- the Wendar to the 17th Statute (Wendar meaning exception);[11]
- the Elder Riustring Statutes (that are modified from the originals to include references to Charlemagne and the Frisians);[5]
- the Younger Riustring Statutes;
- two texts that begin Thet is ac friesk riucht ("This is also Frisian law");[11]
- the Fifteen Signs before Doomsday, already mentioned;
- the Riustring Fines Concerning Crimes Against Clergymen, part 1 (of 2);
- a list of the situations in which one is allowed to break into a church;
- the General Fine Register, part 2 (of 2);
- a second group of texts that begin Thet is ac friesk riucht;
- a list of coins and their values;
- an outline of the ecclesiastical penalties for murder of relatives;
- the Riustring Fines Concerning Crimes Against Clergymen, part 2 (of 2);
- the Fines for Desecrating Church and Churchyard; and
- the Riustring Synodal Laws.
According to Johnston, this is one of a great many Frisian legal documents which have a secondary function: the promotion of the ideology of Frisian independence. He identifies three levels of ideology represented in those texts: "(1) the glorification of the concept of law in general, (2) the assertion of the idea of a Pan-Frisian law, (3) the propagation of the idea of Frisian independence and the promotion of Frisian unity against threats from outside".[12] The only text in the codex he deems exempt from such ideology is the Fifteen Signs before Doomsday.[5]
References
- 1 2 Mallet & Blackwell 1847, p. 48.
- 1 2 Bosworth 1838, p. lxi.
- ↑ Bosworth 1848, p. 63.
- 1 2 Giliberto 2007, p. 130.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Johnston 1998, pp. 197-198.
- ↑ Jellema 1962, p. 125.
- 1 2 Lear 1965.
- ↑ Jellema 1962.
- ↑ Bethurum 1932, p. 266.
- ↑ Giliberto 2007, p. 130–131.
- 1 2 3 Munske & Århammar 2001, p. 576.
- ↑ Johnston 1998, p. 187.
Reference bibliography
- Bethurum, Dorothy (1932). "Stylistic Features of the Old English Laws". The Modern Language Review. 27 (3): 263–79. doi:10.2307/3715227. JSTOR 3715227.
- Bosworth, Joseph (1848). The Origin of the English, Germanic and Scandinavian Languages, and Nations: With a Sketch for Their Early Literature and Short Chronology. London: Longman.
- Bosworth, Joseph (1838). A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language. London: Longman.
- Giliberto, Concetta (2007). "The Fifteen Signs of Doomsday of the First Riustring Manuscript". In Bremmer, Rolf Hendrik; Laker, Stephen; Vries, Oebele. Advances in Old Frisian Philology. Rige Estrikken. 80. Rodopi. ISBN 9789042021815.
- Jellema, Dirk (January 1964). "Rev. of Buma, Die eerste Riustringer Codex". Speculum. 39 (1): 124–25. doi:10.2307/2850141.
- Johnston, Thomas S. B. (1998). "Old Frisian Law and the Frisian Freedom Ideology: Text and Manuscript Composition as a Marketing Device". In Bremmer, Rolf Hendrik; Johnston, Thomas S.B.; Vries, Oebele. Approaches to Old Frisian Philology. Rodopi. pp. 179–214. ISBN 9789042006515. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
- Lear, Floyd Seyward (1965). "Rev. of Buma, Ebel, Das Rüstringer Recht ". Speculum. 40 (2): 332–34. doi:10.2307/2855565. JSTOR 2855565.
- Mallet, Paul Henri; Blackwell, I. A. (1847). Northern antiquities: or, An historical account of the manners, customs, religion and laws, maritime expeditions and discoveries, language and literature of the ancient Scandinavians. translator Thomas Percy. London: Henry G. Bohn.
- Munske, Horst Haider; Århammar, Nils (2001). Handbuch des Friesischen: Handbook of Frisian Studies. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783484730489.
Further reading
Translations
- Wiarda, Tilemann Dothias (1805). Asega-buch ein Alt-friesisches gesetzbuch der Rüstringer, herausgegeben, übersetz und erläutert (in German). Berlin.
- Buma, Wybren Jan, ed. (1961). De eerste Riustringer codex. Oudfriese taalen rechtsbronnen (in Dutch). Rüstringen: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Buma, Wybren Jan, ed. (1963). Das Rüstringer Recht. Altfriesische Rechsquellen (in German). Göttingen: Musterschmidt.
Philology
- Bremmer, Rolf H. (Jr) (2007). "Language and Contents of the Old Frisian Manuscripts from Rüstringen (c.1300): A veritable Mixtum Compositum". In Bremmer, Rolf H. (Jr); Laker, Stephen; Vries, Oebele. Advances in Old Frisian Philology. Rige Estrikken. 80. Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 9789042021815.