Voiceless uvular trill

Voiceless uvular trill
ʀ̥
IPA number 123 402A
Encoding
X-SAMPA R\_0
Sound
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Features

Features of the voiceless uvular trill:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans[1] goed [ʀ̥ut] 'good' Possible word-initial allophone of /χ/. Some speakers realize it as velar [x].[1] See Afrikaans phonology
Baïnounk Gubëeher Some speakers[2] Word-final allophone of /r/.
Dutch Belgian[3] door [doːʀ̥] 'through' Allophone of /r/ before voiceless consonants and word-finally for speakers with an uvular /r/.[3] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
French Belgian[4] triste [t̪ʀ̥is̪t̪œ] 'sad' Allophone of /ʁ/ after voiceless consonants;[4] can be [χ] instead.[5] See French phonology
German Standard[6] treten [ˈtʀ̥eːtn̩] 'to step' Possible allophone of /r/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that realize /r/ as a uvular trill [ʀ].[6] See Standard German phonology
Chemnitz dialect[7] Rock [ʀ̥ɔkʰ] 'skirt' In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [χ] and [q].[7] Doesn't occur in the coda.[7] See Chemnitz dialect phonology
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[8] geer [ɣeːʀ̥] 'odour' Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be alveolar [r̥] instead.[9]
Spanish Ponce dialect[10] perro [ˈpe̞ʀ̥o̞] 'dog' This and [χ] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[10] See Spanish phonology

Voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill

Voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill
ʀ̝̊
χ͡ʀ̥
IPA number 123 402A 429
Encoding
X-SAMPA R\_0_r

Features

Features of the voiceless uvular raised non-sonorant trill:

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Modern Standard[11] خضراء [x͡ʀ̥adˤraːʔ] 'green (f)' Voiceless velar fricative accompanied by a uvular trill.[11] Also reported to be simply a fricative (velar, post-velar, uvular, depending on the dialect).[12] See Arabic phonology
Dutch Standard Netherlandic[13] acht [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' Post-velar;[13] also described as a fricative, either post-velar [x̠] or uvular [χ].[14] See Dutch phonology
Belgian[15][16] broot [bʀ̝̊oːt] 'bread' Voiced when following a vowel.[17] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
English Scouse[18] clock [kl̥ɒʀ̝̊] 'clock' Possible word-final realization of /k/.[18]
Hebrew[19] אוכל [ʔo̞χ͡ʀ̥e̞l] 'food' May be simply a fricative instead.[19] See Modern Hebrew phonology
Limburgish Hamont dialect[20] jòr [jɔːʀ̝̊¹] 'year' Word-final allophone of /ʀ/; can be simply a fricative [χ] instead.[20] See Hamont dialect phonology
Maastrichtian[21] waor [β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊] 'was' Allophone of /ʀ/ in the syllable coda. Only partially devoiced, either uvular [ʀ̝̊] or pre-uvular [ʀ̝̊˖].[21][22]
Weert dialect[22] woor [β̞o̟ə̯ʀ̝̊]
Spanish Madrid[23] jazmín [x͡ʀ̥äðˈmĩn] 'jasmine' Voiceless velar fricative accompanied by a uvular trill.[23] Corresponds to [x ~ χ] in standard European Spanish. See Spanish phonology
Wolof[24] Usually transcribed /x/ or /χ/.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  2. ↑ Cobbinah (2013), p. 166.
  3. 1 2 Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  4. 1 2 Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 67-68 and 70-71.
  5. ↑ Demolin (2001), pp. 65, 67, and 71.
  6. 1 2 Krech et al. (2009), p. 86.
  7. 1 2 3 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
  8. ↑ Peters (2006).
  9. ↑ While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
  10. 1 2 "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
  11. 1 2 Thelwall & Sa'Addedin (1999), pp. 51 and 53.
  12. ↑ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38.
  13. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003:191). The source says that it is a fricative with a "very energetic articulation with considerable scrapiness", i.e. a trill fricative.
  14. ↑ Gussenhoven (1999), p. 74.
  15. ↑ Tops (2009), pp. 25, 30-32, 63, 80-88, 97-100, 105, 118, 124-127, 134-135, 137-138 and 140-141.
  16. ↑ Verhoeven (1994:?), cited in Tops (2009:22 and 83)
  17. ↑ Tops (2009), p. 83.
  18. 1 2 Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
  19. 1 2 Laufer (1999), p. 98.
  20. 1 2 Verhoeven (2007), p. 220.
  21. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  22. 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
  23. 1 2 "Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
  24. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 167.

Bibliography

  • Cobbinah, Alexander Yao (2013), Nominal classification and verbal nouns in Baïnounk Gubëeher (PDF), University of London 
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406 
  • Demolin, Didier (2001), "Some phonetic and phonological observations concerning /ʀ/ in Belgian French", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland, 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 61–73, ISSN 0777-3692 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526 
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307 
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145 
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
  • Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428 
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Addedin, M. Akram (1999), "Arabic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–54, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
  • Tops, Evie (2009), Variatie en verandering van de /r/ in Vlaanderen, Brussels: VUBPress, ISBN 9789054874713 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (1994), "Fonetische Eigenschappen van de Limburgse huig-r", Taal en Tongval, 46: 9–21 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173 
  • Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940 
  • Watson, Janet C. E. (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press 
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24224-X 
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