Venpet–Venoil collision

The Venpet–Venoil collision was a maritime accident involving sister supertankers; the Liberian-registered Venoil and Venpet, in dense fog off the coast of South Africa on 16 December 1977. The tankers were travelling in opposite directions; the Venoil fully laden with over 250,000 tonnes of crude oil bound for Nova Scotia and the Venpet, travelling in ballast, headed for Kharg Island, Iran. The Venoil ploughed into the Venpet, eventually leading to the spilling of approximately 26,600–30,500 tonnes of crude oil.

History

Both tankers were constructed in Nagasaki, Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd, work beginning on the Venoil in October 1972 and the Venpet in January 1973.[1][2] The vessels were completed in March and June 1973 respectively at the cost of approximately $28m each.[3] Each vessel was more than 330,000 deadweight (DWT) which, at the time, classified them as Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs). The current classification for vessels over 300,000 DWT is Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC).[4]

Accident

Collision
Plettenberg Bay
Cape St Francis
Eastern Cape, South Africa

The ships met on the morning of 16 December 1977.[5] The Venoil was en route to Nova Scotia from the Iranian oil terminal at Kharg Island with between 250,000 and 307,000 tonnes of crude oil.[3][6] The Venpet was in ballast on a reciprocal course to Kharg Island from Nova Scotia, where she had already unloaded her cargo. Under dense fog, which reduced visibility to less than 370 metres (1,210 ft),[7] the Venoil made a series of small manoeuvres to starboard to increase the port-to-port distance between the ships, while the Venpet conversely made a series of manoeuvres to port to increase the starboard-to-starboard distance.[8] The bow of the Venoil collided into the side of the Venpet, creating a hole 14 metres (46 ft) deep and 55 metres (180 ft) long.[3] Both vessels caught fire, but did not explode because of their inert gas systems – the flames rising 61 metres (200 ft) into the air and the resulting smoke visible for up to 24 kilometres (15 mi) around. Both vessels had been travelling at around 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h).[9]

The collision occurred approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) off the southern coast of South Africa between Plettenberg Bay and Cape St. Francis. 23,980 barrels (~3,271 t) of bunker oil from Venpet's forward fuel tank and 170,635 barrels (~23,280 t) of crude oil from two of Venoil's storage tanks were spilled, for a total of 194,615 barrels (~26,550 t), most of which was consumed by the flames; patches of emulsified oil created a 160-kilometre (99 mi) wide slick, part of which impacted over 130 kilometres (81 mi) of the South African shoreline from Plettenberg Bay to Still Bay.[10] Another estimate concludes the Venpet lost 31,000 barrels (~4,900 t) of bunker fuel oil, and the Venoil lost 155,000 barrels (~21,500 t) of heavy crude oil and 33,000 barrels (~5,200 t) of bunker fuel oil, for a total of 219,000 barrels (~30,600 t).[10]

The majority of the crew aboard the Venoil managed to launch a lifeboat; although thirteen men who had been trapped by the flames were rescued by helicopter.[3] Two men lost their lives in the incident.[1] Two British merchant ships, the bulk carrier Jedforest and the Clan Menzies rescued the remaining crews of the Venoil and Venpet respectively. The vessels were abandoned and initially drifted towards the coast as their fires eventually went out.[5] They were towed out towards the Agulhas Current to prevent them grounding on the coastline as well as ensuring that any further release of oil would be carried away from the coastline.[10]

Aftermath

Both vessels were towed into Algoa Bay for repairs; the Venpet on 24 December and the Venoil on 1 January 1978.[10] The latter had drifted 250 miles (400 km) southwest of the coast in the Agulhas Current.[10] The Venoil's remaining crude oil was transferred to the tanker Litiopa before she eventually sailed to Nova Scotia.[6] The damaged ships were sailed onto shipyards at Sasebo and Nagasaki for extensive repairs.[1]

Later life

The Venoil underwent two name changes, becoming Resolute in 1981 and Opportunity in 1983. She was sailed to Ulsan, South Korea for scrapping in October 1984.[1] Her sister Venpet was changed to Alexander The Great in 1980. In June 1984, she was hit by an Iraqi Exocet missile whilst moored at the Kharg Island oil terminal. The large scale of damage led to her scrapping, which occurred in Kaohsiung, Taiwan in the October of that year.[2]

Further reading

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Venoil History". aukevisser.nl. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  2. 1 2 "Venpet History". aukevisser.nl. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "DISASTERS: The Wreck of the Two Sisters". time.com. 26 December 1977. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  4. ↑ Evangelista, Joe, Ed. (Winter 2002). "Scaling the Tanker Market" (PDF). Surveyor. American Bureau of Shipping (4): 5–11. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  5. 1 2 "IncidentNews: Venoil". incidentnews.gov. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  6. 1 2 "Shipspotting". sandefjordskip.18.forumer.com. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  7. ↑ "Liberian Casualty Report: Decision of the Commissioner of Maritime Affairs, R.L. and Report of the Marine Board of Investigation in the Matter of the Collision Between S/T Venoil (O.N.4414) and S/T Venpet (O.N. 4489) off the Coast of South Africa on 16 December 1977". trid.trb.org. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  8. ↑ A Guide to the Collision Avoidance Rules: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2003. p. 49. ISBN 0-7506-6179-8.
  9. ↑ Devanney, Jack. "The Strange History of Tank Inerting" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-05-05.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "CTX Casualty Database: Venpet". c4tx.org. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
External image
Photos of damage to Venoil at maritimephoto.no/

Coordinates: 34°26′S 24°4′E / 34.433°S 24.067°E / -34.433; 24.067

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