Velvet antler

a fuzzy velvet antler during summer growth

Velvet antler refers to the whole cartilaginous antler in a precalcified growth stage of the Cervidae family including the species of deer, elk, moose and caribou. Velvet Antler is not to be confused with only the velvety "skin" on growing antlers. The entire velvet antler will be covered in hairs and, as the antler has not calcified or finished developing, the tines will still be rounded.

Industry

Most of the world's supply of velvet antler comes from Sika deer, red deer and elk or wapiti, including a large deer ranching industry in New Zealand. New Zealand is the world’s largest producer of velvet, producing 450-500 tons of red deer velvet antler annually.^[1] China produces 400 tons of predominantly Sika deer velvet antler annually. Russia produces 80 tons annually. United States and Canada each produce 20 tons annually.^[2]

Farming and ranching

Moose, elk and deer produce new antlers yearly (primarily males, except in caribou/reindeer). In New Zealand, deer are subject to local anesthesia and restrained during antler removal, and the procedure is supervised by licensed veterinarians.^[3][4] Typically, the antler is cut off near the base after it is about two-thirds of its potential full size, between 55 and 65 days of growth, before any significant calcification occurs.^[4] The procedure is generally done around June in the Northern Hemisphere and December in the Southern Hemisphere.^[5]

Uses

Velvet antler is a drug in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that classifies many similar substances from a variety of species under the simplified Chinese name 鹿茸; (pinyin Lu Rong) and the pharmaceutical name Cervi Cornu Pantorichum. The two common species used within the TCM system are Sika Deer and Red Deer. Within the TCM system it is prescribed by a doctor to a patient in the use to treat yang deficiency syndromes.^[6][7][8]

sliced velvet antler that will be used in making a traditional Chinese soup

In Asia velvet antler is dried and sold as slices or powdered. The powder or slices are then boiled in water, usually with other herbs and ingredients, and consumed as a medicinal soup.^[6] In the traditional commercial trade of Korea and China whole stick antler velvet is divided into three sections based upon their accepted benefits. Although there is an absence of uniform standardization, these sections are known as the wax piece or uppers and tips, the blood piece or middles, and the bone piece or bottoms: the wax piece is used as a growth tonic for children, the blood piece is used for joint and bone health, and the bone piece is used for calcium deficiency and geriatric therapies.^[2][5][9]

Within the deer antler velvet industry there are three sections used to identify the composition of velvet antler. The uppers and tips are generally from the end to the first fork and are found as any additional tines. The next section is the middles and goes from top fork down the main shaft to the bottom fork. Lastly is the bottoms which includes a flattened center section known as the trunk.^[2]

In the West, velvet antler is dried, powdered, and consumed in encapsulated form or via aqueous alcohol extract as a nutritional dietary supplement. Concerning the alcohol extract of velvet antler, most of the research and clinical studies have been performed in Russia between the 1930s and 1980s which led to the production of an alcohol extract.^[10][11] During this timeframe the alcohol extract was marketed under the Russian drug trade name Pantocrin (aka. pantocrine or Pantokrin).^[12][13] In Norway, Spain, and Bulgaria Pantocrin is certified and registered as a biologically active food supplement.^[10]

Marketing

Since 1999, two companies have attributed illegal and unsubstantiated marketing claims consisting of both medical claims and health benefits to dietary supplements produced from velvet antler. These companies have received warning letters from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning the sale of encapsulated powders connected to their marketing claims. These statements were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)][36] because they "establish the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when velvet antler has no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, velvet antler was "not generally recognized as safe and effective for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.^{[14][15][16][17]}

Deer antler spray

Velvet antler in the form of deer antler spray has been at the center of multiple controversies with professional sports leagues and famous athletes allegedly using it for injury recovery and performance enhancement purposes.^[18] In mid-2011 a National Football League (NFL) player successfully sued a deer antler velvet spray manufacturer for testing positive for methyltestosterone in 2009 for a total amount of 5.4 million.^[19][20] In August 2011, Major League Baseball (MLB) added deer antler spray to their list of prohibited items because it contains "potentially contaminated nutritional supplements." ^[21]

On January 30, 2013, Vijay Singh professional PGA Tour golfer was caught unaware and openly admitted to the personal use of deer antler spray which contained a banned substance at the time.^[22] A week later the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) lifted the ban on deer antler spray, but with urgency, "Deer Antler Velvet Spray may contain IGF-1 and WADA recommends therefore that athletes be extremely vigilant with this supplement because it could lead to a positive test." ^[23] The consensus opinion of leading endocrinologists concerning any purported claims and benefits "is simply that there is far too little of the substance in even the purest forms of the spray to make any difference," ^[9] and "there is no medically valid way to deliver IGF-1 orally or in a spray." ^[24]

S.W.A.T.S.

S.W.A.T.S. Fitness and Performance was a dietary supplement company that sold deer antler spray and other products. The owners began distributing their products to NCAA and NFL athletes in 2008.^[19] The controversy initially started in March 30, 2009 when Alabama athletic officials sent a cease-and-desist order the company's owner that stated: "Refrain from using current student-athletes to endorse products. Refrain from contacting current student-athletes. Refrain from giving or selling products to current student-athletes." ^[25] These orders were then sent again in 2012.^[26]

In September 2011 S.W.A.T.S lost a lawsuit for 5.4 million dollars concerning a NFL athlete who had tested positive for methyl testosterone.^[19] In early January 2013 a NFL athlete was accused, by the owner, of taking S.W.A.T.S. deer antler spray for an injury who further failed to provide proof and made a formal apology.^[27][28][29]

In September, 2013, the headquarters of S.W.A.T.S. was raided and ordered to be shut down by Alabama's attorney general citing "numerous serious and willful violations of Alabama’s deceptive trade practices act".^[30][31] Among the violations were "claims that the company made about a number of products that were unsupported by scientific research. Some of these products were marketed as 'dietary supplements.'" ^[32] The assistant Alabama attorney general "says that Deer Antler Spray is dangerous and its sellers are law-breakers." ^[33]

References