Hallingmål-Valdris

Hallingmål-Valdris (also known by the individual names Halling, Hallingdøl, or Valdresmål) is a group of Norwegian dialects traditionally spoken in the traditional districts Hallingdal, Buskerud and Valdres, Oppland.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Phonology

Consonants

• /rn/ is usually realized as a prestopped nasal [dn̩], while the allophone [ɳ] only occurs in words like baren ([bɑːɳ])^[3] "the bar".^{[4][lower-alpha 2]}
• /rl/ also has a prestopped realization [dl].^[4]
• The phoneme which is commonly called thick L (written /ɽ/ in IPA), exists in words that had either ⟨l⟩ or ⟨rð⟩ in Old Norse. In Vang, /ɽ/ occurs only in the first case.^[6]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sk⟩, ⟨skj⟩, and ⟨sj⟩ were not pronounced as [ʂ], only ⟨-rs-⟩ was.^[7] Sørbygdi in Flå pronounces ⟨sj⟩ as [ʂ], while Gulsvik pronounces it as [ʂj].^[8]
• The consonant clusters ⟨sl⟩ and ⟨tl⟩ were mostly assimilated to [sl]. Hol and Ål assimilated these to [l̥],^[9][10] and Sørbygdi in Flå assimilated ⟨sl⟩ to [ʂl].^[8]
• The clusters ⟨-ld⟩, ⟨-nd⟩ and ⟨-mb⟩ are pronounced as spelled.^[11][12][13]
• The Old Norse cluster ⟨-fn⟩ is pronounced as assimilated [bdn] or [bn].^[12]

Vowels

• The back vowels [ʊ, uː] and [ɔ, oː] in older Hallingmål-Valdris were pronounced as in Old Norse, without the vowel shift to, respectively, [ʉ, ʉː] and [ʊ, uː] that is found in most other Norwegian dialects.^[14][15]
• The short Old Norse vowels ⟨o⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are pronounced as central [ɞ] almost everywhere, except for Ål (but not Torpo), where these are back [ɔ].^[6][16][17] In Valdres (except for Vang), the schwa /ə/ can also be realized as [ɞ].^[6]
• Traditionally, /æ, æː/ were pronounced as open-mid [ɛ, ɛː].^[18]
• The words pronounced [e(ː)] and [ɛ(ː)] mean "I" and "am", respectively.^[18]
• Itacism is found in southern Hallingdal (Flå, Nes and some in Gol), making the vowel /yː/ to be unrounded to [iː].^[19]
• The Old Norse diphthongs ⟨ei⟩, ⟨ey⟩ and ⟨au⟩ are traditionally pronounced as [aɪ̯], [ɔʏ̯] ([eɪ̯] in southern Hallingdal)^[19] and [aʊ̯]. This is occurs today especially in upper Valdres and Hol and Ål.^[6][7]

Grammar

Citations

Notes

References

Literature