Marine VHF radio

A VHF set and a VHF channel 70 DSC set, the DSC on top
A standard handheld maritime VHF, mandatory on larger seagoing vessels under the GMDSS rules
A classic maritime VHF set

Marine VHF radio refers to the radio frequency range between 156.0 and 162.025 MHz, inclusive. The "VHF" signifies the very high frequency of the range. In the official language of the International Telecommunication Union the band is called the VHF maritime mobile band. In some countries additional channels are used, such as[1] the L and F channels for leisure and fishing vessels in the Nordic countries (at 155.5–155.825 MHz).

Marine VHF radio equipment is installed on all large ships and most seagoing small craft. It is also used, with slightly different regulation, on rivers and lakes. It is used for a wide variety of purposes, including summoning rescue services and communicating with harbours, locks, bridges and marinas.

A marine VHF set is a combined transmitter and receiver and only operates on standard, international frequencies known as channels. Channel 16 (156.8 MHz) is the international calling and distress channel. Transmission power ranges between 1 and 25 watts, giving a maximum range of up to about 60 nautical miles (111 km) between aerials mounted on tall ships and hills, and 5 nautical miles (9 km; 6 mi) between aerials mounted on small boats at sea level.[2] Frequency modulation (FM) is used, with vertical polarization, meaning that antennas have to be vertical in order to have good reception.

Modern-day marine VHF radios offer not only basic transmit and receive capabilities. Permanently mounted marine VHF radios on seagoing vessels are required to have certification of some level of "Digital Selective Calling" (DSC) capability, to allow a distress signal to be sent with a single button press.

Marine VHF mostly uses "simplex" transmission, where communication can only take place in one direction at a time. A transmit button on the set or microphone determines whether it is operating as a transmitter or a receiver. Some channels, however, are "duplex" transmission channels where communication can take place in both directions simultaneously when the equipment on both ends allow it (full duplex), otherwise "semi-duplex" is used.[2] Each duplex channel has two frequency assignments. Duplex channels can be used to place calls on the public telephone system for a fee via a marine operator. When full duplex is used, the call is similar to one using a mobile phone or landline. When semi-duplex is used, voice is only carried one way at a time and the party on the boat must press the transmit button only when speaking. This facility is still available in some areas, though its use has largely died out with the advent of mobile and satellite phones. Marine VHF radios can also receive weather radio broadcasts, where they are available.

Types of equipment

Sets can be fixed or portable. A fixed set generally has the advantages of a more reliable power source, higher transmit power, a larger and more effective aerial and a bigger display and buttons. A portable set (often essentially a waterproof, VHF walkie-talkie in design) can be carried on a kayak, or to a lifeboat in an emergency, has its own power source and is waterproof if GMDSS-approved. A few portable VHFs are even approved to be used as emergency radios in environments requiring intrinsically safe equipment (e.g. gas tankers, oil rigs, etc.).

Marine radios can be "voice-only" or can include "Digital Selective Calling" (DSC).

Voice-only equipment is the traditional type, which relies totally on the human voice for calling and communicating.

Digital Selective Calling equipment, a part of the Global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS), provides all the functionality of voice-only equipment and, additionally, allows several other features:

The MMSI is used for seagoing vessels and consists of a nine-digit number identifying a VHF set or group of sets. The left hand digits of MMSI indicate the country and type of station. For example, here are MMSI prefixes of four station types:

Here is an external link where you can find different countries MMSI Numbers http://www.vtexplorer.com/vessel-tracking-mmsi-mid-codes.html


For use on the inland waterways within continental Europe, a compulsory Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS) transmission conveys the vessel's identity after each voice transmission. This is a ten-digit code that is either an encoded version of the ship's alphanumeric call sign, or for vessels from outside the region, the ship MMSI prefixed with '9'. The requirement to use ATIS in Europe, and which VHF channels may be used, are strongly regulated, most recently by the Basel agreements.

Channels and frequencies

Simplex channels here are listed with the A and B frequencies the same. The frequencies, channels, and some of their purposes are governed by the ITU. For an authoritative list see.[3] The original allocation of channels consisted of only channels 1 to 28 with 50 kHz spacing between channels, and the second frequency for duplex operation 4.6 MHz higher.

Improvements in radio technology later meant that the channel spacing could be reduced to 25 kHz with channels 60 to 88 interspersed between the original channels.

Channels 75 and 76 are omitted as they are either side of the calling and distress channel 16, acting as guard channels. The frequencies which would have been the second frequencies for simplex channels are not used for marine purposes and can be used for other purposes that vary by country. For example, 161.000 to 161.450 MHz are part of the allocation to the Association of American Railroads channels used by railways in the USA and Canada.[4]

Channel
number		 Frequencies (MHz)  United Kingdom [5]  United States  Canada  Australia  New Zealand  Finland[1]  Europe CEPT [6] Mediterranean countries
(Sea, Ocean) 		 Belgium
 France
 Germany
 Netherlands
  Switzerland
CCNR: Main stem, River, Canal, Lake, Pond, Estuary [7] · [8]
 A 
Usually ship stations		  B 
Usually coast stations
0 156.000 160.600 Private, coast guard  A 
1 156.050 160.650 Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety
West Coast  A 
 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
BC Coast		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
2 156.100 160.700 Public
BC Coast		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
3 156.150 160.750  A  Illegal for public use1 Public
BC Coast/Inland		 Boat to Boat - Kawau Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks, Customs Coast Guard, search and rescue
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways. (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
4 156.200 160.800 Ship-to-ship/shore, commercial and safety
East Coast and Inland  A 

Canadian Coast Guard - public working channel
BC Coast4  A 

 Boat to Boat - Tutukaka/Raglan Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks, Customs Coast Guard, search and rescue
Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks
5 156.250 160.850 Ship Movements Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks, authorities responsible
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
6 156.300 156.300 Ship-to-ship + Ship-to-Air  A  Ship-to-ship + Ship-to-Air  A  Distress - Ship-to-Air Working - Intership  A  Ship-to-ship
also SAR: Ship-to-Ship + Ship-to-Air		 Ship-to-ship + Ship-to-Air  A  Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt) + Ship-to-Air
7 156.350 160.950 General working channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Navy Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways.. (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
8 156.400 156.400 Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship
East and west coasts,
Lake Winnipeg  A 		 Working - Intership Working - Intership  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
9 156.450 156.450 Frequently used by pilots  A  Calling  A , commercial and non-commercial. Ship-to-air for maritime support
Atlantic and BC coasts  A 		 Pilots, Port Operations Port Operations  A  VTS
(Ship-to-ship + Port Operations		 Marina pilots, Marina Operations, Ship in a marina Marina pilots, Marina Operations, Ship in a marina (limited to 1 watt)
10 156.500 156.500 Frequently used by HM Coastguard  A  Ship-to-air - SAR and antipollution  A 
General working -
Atlantic and BC coasts,
Great Lakes		 Port Operations  A  Ship-to-ship
Port Operations
also SAR and oil cleanup
only VTS on Gulf of Finland		 International waters Ship-to-ship ; Customs Coast Guard, Navy Calling ; Ship-to-ship ; Customs, On board working (limited to 1 watt) Distress, safety and calling
11 156.550 156.550 Port Operations VTS - BC Coast
Pilotage  A 		 Port Operations  A  Port Operations Navy Port Operations
12 156.600 156.600 Port Operations VTS - San Francisco offshore
Pilotage  A 		 VTS - BC Coast
Port and pilot ops  A 		 Port Operations, VTS Port Operations  A  Port Operations
Commercial port operations, fishing port operations, pilots, Ship in a fishing port, Ship in a Commercial port
13 156.650 156.650 Bridge-to-Bridge Working  A  Bridge-to-Bridge safety  A : Vessels > 20m must maintain watch, Tx limited to 1 watt. Movable bridge / lock operations. VTS - BC Coast
Bridge-to-bridge safety  A 		 Port Operations, VTS Intership Nav Safety  A  Pilots
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations		 Port Operations, Coast Guard Ship-to-ship (limited to 1 watt)
14 156.700 156.700 Port Operations VTS - San Francisco Bay and Delta
Pilotage  A 		 VTS - BC Coast
Port and pilot ops  A 		 Port Operations  A  Working channel for SAR authorities, Turku Radio
(Port Operations)		 Port Operations, Navy Port Operations
15 156.750 156.750 On board working (limited to 1 watt)  A   A  max 1 W
Intraship
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations		 beach monitoring Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking. (limited to 1 watt)
16 156.800 156.800
International distress, safety and calling  A 

All vessels equipped with VHF must maintain watch.		 Estuary (16 + 10). Not used on: Main stem, River, Canal, Lake, Pond.
17 156.850 156.850 On board Working  A  Aquatic Sports Events  A  max 1 W
Intraship
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations		 Port Operations, Navy, Maritime Gendarmerie Radiocommunications on board a ship or in a group of boats towed or pushed, as well as those concerning the instructions for the maneuver bullish and docking. (limited to 1 watt)
18 156.900 161.500 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
19 156.950 161.550 Landside facilities: harbormaster, marinas. Canadian Coast Guard - Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
20 157.000 161.600 Repeater Operations Continuous Weather
Maritime Safety Service		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Port Operations, Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex),
(limited to 1 watt Paris Underground canal)
21 157.050 161.650  A  U.S. Coast Guard Only Continuous marine broadcasts  B 
(WX 8)		 Continuous Weather
Maritime Safety Service		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations
Port Operations
22 157.100 161.700  A  U.S. Coast Guard—public working channel2 Continuous Weather
Maritime Safety Service		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Port Operations, Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
23 157.150 161.750 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information  A  U.S. Coast Guard Only Continuous Weather
Maritime Safety Service		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Port Operations, Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks
24 157.200 161.800 UKSAR G/A Winching  A 
UKSAR TWC  B 		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
25 157.250 161.850 Maritime Radio Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
26 157.300 161.900 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information Public correspondence (marine telephone operator) Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
27 157.350 161.950 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
28 157.400 162.000 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
M1/37A 157.850 157.850 (As M1) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas
60 156.025 160.625 GOFREP on Gulf of Finland
Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
61 156.075 160.675  A  Illegal for public use1 GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland
Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
62 156.125 160.725 UKSAR Calling and Helicopter Channel  A 
UKSAR TWC  B 		 Boat to Boat - Waiheke/Whangaroa Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
63 156.175 160.775 UKSAR TWC (simplex) Boat to Boat - Manukau Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Coast Guard, Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
64 156.225 160.825 UKSAR TWC (simplex)  A  Illegal for public use1 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Coast Guard, Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
65 156.275 160.875 National Coastwatch Working Channel for communication with local mariners for radio checks and local sea conditions. Effective 1 October 2014. Marine Assistance Working Channel Boat to Boat - Coromandel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Coast Guard, Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
66 156.325 160.925 Marinas - BC Coast  A  Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
67 156.375 156.375 UK Small Ship Safety Channel Working Channel, Marine Weather Maritime Radio Working Channel  A  VTS
(Ship-to-ship + Port Operations)		 Coast Guard Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
68 156.425 156.425 Non-commercial  A  Maritime Radio Working Channel  A  Port Operations Coast Guard Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
69 156.475 156.475 Port Operations Non-commercial  A  Australian Navy Maritime Radio Working channel
Surf Lifesaving		  A  Ship-to-ship
Port Operations		 Navy Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
70 156.525 156.525 Digital Selective Calling  A  Not used on: Main stem, River, Canal, Lake, Pond.
71 156.575 156.575 Non-commercial  A  Maritime Radio Working Channel  A  VTS
(Ship-to-ship + Port Operations) Port Operations		 Navy Port Operations
72 156.625 156.625 Ship-to-ship  A  Non-commercial ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship
Ship-to-air		  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship) (limited to 1 watt)
73 156.675 156.675 HM Coastguard Safety Broadcasts Ship-to-ship Marinas - Working  A  Ship-to-ship

Ship-to-air
(Port Operations)		 Port Operations, Navy Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
74 156.725 156.725 British Waterways/Canal and River Trust Channel (Canal and River System) Ship-to-ship Working - Coast/Ship  A  Port Operations Port Operations, Navy, Maritime Gendarmerie Port Operations
75 156.775 156.775 Navigation related communications (limited to 1 watt)  A Restricted
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations		  A Restricted
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations, (limited to 1 watt)		 Port Operations
76 156.825 156.825  A  Restricted
Port Operations		  A Restricted
Ship-to-ship
Port Operations, (limited to 1 watt)		 Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
77 156.875 156.875 Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship)  A  Ship-to-ship, communications with a social (ship) (limited to 1 watt)
78 156.925 161.525 Non-commercial  A  Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
79 156.975 161.575 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Customs Coast Guard, search and rescue, Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
80 157.025 161.625 UK Marina Channel Repeater Operations Coastguard Radio - Working Channel GOFREP on Gulf of Finland
Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Customs, Coast Guard, search and rescue, Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
81 157.075 161.675  A  U.S. Government Use Only Repeater Operations Coastguard Radio - Working Channel GOFREP (Estonia) on Gulf of Finland
Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
82 157.125 161.725  A  U.S. Government Use Only Canadian Coast Guard - Working Channel Coastguard Radio - Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Port Operations Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
83 157.175 161.775  A  U.S. Coast Guard Use Only Continuous marine broadcasts  B 
(WX 9)		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
84 157.225 161.825 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information Coastguard Radio - Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
85 157.275 161.875 UKSAR TWC (simplex) Radio Telephone - Duplex Coastguard Radio - Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Navy Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
86 157.325 161.925 HM Coastguard Maritime Safety Information Coastguard Radio - Working Channel Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
Port Operations		 Navy Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
87 157.375 157.375 Public Correspondence
Port Operations		 Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks, Customs Coast Guard, search and rescue Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
88 157.425 157.425 Commercial, Intership only. Public Correspondence (Ship-to-Shore Duplex), Independent radio networks Radiotelephone links between ship stations and land stations of the authorities responsible for the operation of inland waterways (Ship-to-Shore Duplex)
M2/P4 161.425 161.425 (As M2) Yacht clubs, race committees and marinas (As P4) In France, some yacht clubs, marinas and race committees
87B 161.975 161.975 Automatic Identification System   A   &   B  
88B 162.025 162.025 Automatic Identification System   A   &   B  

[9] Notes:

  1. Some radios enable channels 3A, 61A, and 64A when configured for "USA mode" even though those channels are allocated exclusively for Public Safety use by the FCC. The frequencies 156.075, 156.150, and 156.225 MHz are used for interoperability communication by police and fire departments in many areas.
  2. Channel 22A is reserved for communication between the U.S. Coast Guard vessels and private vessels. The Coast Guard does not monitor 22A: Contact must first be established on 16.
  3. UKSAR land-based search and rescue teams have access to the simplexed versions of 24, 62, 63, 64, 85 for operational and training needs. These include mountain rescue teams in England, Wales and Scotland.
  4. CCG public operations moved from 22A to 04A to avoid interference from USCG stations in northern Washington state.

Operating procedure

The accepted conventions for use of marine radio are collectively termed "proper operating procedure." These conventions include:

Slightly adjusted regulations can apply for inland shipping, such as the Basel rules in Western Europe.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kommunikationsverket 2010: Handbok i VHF-radiokommunikation för radiooperatör med kusttrafikcertifikat" (PDF). Viestintavirasto.fi. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  2. 1 2 "MGN 324 Operational guidance on the use of radio and automatic identification systems". Gov.uk. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  3. ↑ Circular letter CM/19-E, International Telecommunications Union, 27 March 2009
  4. ↑ "American Association of Railroads channel allocation" (PDF). Arrl-al.org. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  5. ↑ Noice, Alison, ed. (2008). VHF Radio (including GMDSS) (2nd ed.). RYA. ISBN 978-1-906435-20-2.
  6. ↑ MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR MARITIME 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences
  7. ↑ Guide de radiotéléphonie pour la navigation intérieure 2014: Commission Centrale pour la Navigation du Rhin
  8. ↑ MANUEL DE PREPARATION DU CRR FLUVIAL 2015 Agence nationale des fréquences
  9. ↑ "U.S. VHF Channels". Navcen.uscg.gov. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

External links

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