2016 Atlantic hurricane season

2016 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First system formed January 12, 2016
Last system dissipated November 25, 2016[nb 1]
Strongest storm1 Matthew – 934 mbar (hPa) (27.58 inHg), 160 mph (260 km/h)
Total depressions 16
Total storms 15
Hurricanes 7
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 3
Total fatalities 1,765 total
Total damage ≥ $11.652 billion (2016 USD)
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Related article

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active and costliest Atlantic hurricane season since 2012 as well as the deadliest since 2005. The season was an above average one that produced a total of 15 named storms, seven hurricanes and three major hurricanes. The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30.[1] The season began nearly five months before the official start, with the first storm, Hurricane Alex forming in the Northeastern Atlantic in mid-January, the first Atlantic January hurricane since Hurricane Alice in 1955. The final storm, Otto, crossed into the Eastern Pacific on November 25.

The strongest, costliest and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Matthew, the southernmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record, and the first Category 5 hurricane to form in the Atlantic since Felix in 2007. With up to 1,659 deaths attributed to it, Hurricane Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Following the development of Hurricane Nicole, which reached major hurricane status, it was the first time that two Category 4 or stronger hurricanes had formed in the month of October, with the other being Hurricane Matthew.[2] When Nicole became a major hurricane, this season was the first to have more than two major hurricanes since 2011. Unusually late activity occurred in this season as well, with the formation of Hurricane Otto during late November in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, which became the latest Category 2 hurricane in the Atlantic since 1934, as well as becoming the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to survive the crossing to the Eastern Pacific intact since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.

Most forecasting groups predicted above average activity due to a developing La Niña and warmer than normal sea surface temperatures. Overall, the forecasts were fairly accurate. Thirteen of the sixteen developed tropical cyclones (except Fiona, Ian and Lisa) have impacted land, and nine of those storms caused loss of life, directly or indirectly. At least 1,765 people died as of the season's end on November 30, making the 2016 season the deadliest since 2005.

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2016 season
Source Date Named
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010[3]) 12.1 6.4 2.7
Record high activity 28 15 7
Record low activity 4 2† 0†
TSR[4] December 16, 2015 13 5 2
TSR[5] April 5, 2016 12 6 2
CSU[6] April 14, 2016 13 6 2
CCU[7] April 15, 2016 13 7 4
NCSU[8] April 15, 2016 15–18 8–11 3–5
UKMO[9] May 12, 2016 14* 8* N/A
NOAA[10] May 27, 2016 10–16 4–8 1–4
TSR[11] May 27, 2016 17 9 4
CSU[12] June 1, 2016 14 6 2
WT[13] June 1, 2016 14 9 3
CSU[14] July 1, 2016 15 6 2
TSR[15] July 5, 2016 16 8 3
CSU[16] August 4, 2016 15 6 2
TSR[16] August 5, 2016 15 7 3
WT[17] August 8, 2016 14 7 2
NOAA[18] August 11, 2016 12–17 5–8 2–4
WT[19] September 6, 2016 14 8 2
Actual activity
 15 7 3
* June–November only.
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes and major hurricanes will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year.[4] Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the predicted weakening of the 2014–16 El Niño event.[4] On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.[3]

The first forecast for the year was issued by CSU on December 10, who anticipated that one of four different scenarios could occur.[20] TSR subsequently issued their first outlook for the 2016 season during December 16, 2015 and predicted that activity would be about 20% below the 1950–2015 average, or about 15% below the 2005–2015 average.[4] Specifically they thought that there would be 13 tropical storms, 5 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 79 units.[4] A few months later, TSR issued their second prediction for the season during April 6, 2016 and lowered the predicted number of named storms to 12 but raised the number of hurricanes to 6.[5] On April 14, CSU predicted that the season would be near-normal, predicting 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes with ACE near 93.[6] On April 15, North Carolina State University predicted the season would be very active, with 15-18 named storms, 8-11 hurricanes and 3-5 major hurricanes. A month later, the United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO) released its forecast, predicting a slightly above-average season with 14 named storms and 8 hurricanes. It also predicted an ACE index of 125, above the defined average ACE index at 103.[9] On May 27, NOAA issued its first outlook calling for a near-normal season with a 70% chance that 10-16 named storms could form, including 4-8 hurricanes of which 1-4 could reach major hurricane status. NOAA also stated that there is a 45% chance of a near-normal season, 30% chance of an above-normal season and 25% chance of a below-normal season. Also on May 27, TSR substantially increased their forecast numbers, predicting activity would be about 30% above the average with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes and an ACE near 130. The reason for the increased activity forecast was the increased likelihood of La Niña forming during the season in addition to a trend towards a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, which generally favors a warmer tropical Atlantic. TSR predicted that there is a 57% chance that the 2016 Atlantic season would be above-normal, a 33% chance it would be near-normal, and only a 10% chance it would be below-normal.

CSU updated their forecast on June 1 to include 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes to include Tropical Storm Bonnie. It was again updated on July 1 to include 15 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes, to accommodate for tropical storms Colin and Danielle. On July 5, TSR released their fourth forecast for the season, slightly lowering the predicted numbers to 16 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes.[15] On August 5, TSR released their final forecast for the season, lowering the numbers to 15 named storms and 7 hurricanes due to the influence that La Niña being less than anticipated previously.[16]

Seasonal summary

Hurricane Otto (2016) Hurricane Nicole (2016) Hurricane Matthew Hurricane Hermine Hurricane Earl (2016) Tropical Storm Danielle (2016) Tropical Storm Colin (2016) Tropical Storm Bonnie (2016) Hurricane Alex (2016) Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
Three simultaneous tropical cyclones active in the Atlantic basin on August 31. From left to right: Tropical Storm Hermine (left), TD Eight (northeast of Hermine, middle), and Hurricane Gaston (right)

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2016. It was an above average season that was the most active since 2012, producing a total of 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes. However, two storms developed before the official start. The first one, Alex, developed into a subtropical storm on January 12 from an extratropical cyclone over the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It soon developed into a fully tropical hurricane—the first such storm in January since Alice in 1955. Alex then made landfall over Terceira Island, Azores, as a strong tropical storm, before becoming extratropical on January 15. The next tropical cyclone, Bonnie, developed in late May, originating as a tropical depression on May 27. The next day, the depression developed into a tropical storm, the first occurrence of two pre-season Atlantic storms since 2012 and the third occurrence since 1951. Bonnie made landfall south of Charleston at Tropical depression strength, but regenerated on June 2. As Bonnie dissipated on June 5, Tropical Storm Colin formed, becoming the earliest occurrence of a season's third named storm since reliable records began, surpassing the previous record set in 1887.[21][22] On June 20, Danielle became the earliest fourth named storm, surpassing the previous record set by Tropical Storm Debby in 2012 by 3 days.[23] However no storms formed in July, an occurrence not seen since 2012.[24] Activity revamped significantly in August. Earl became the deadliest hurricane in Mexico since Hurricane Stan in 2005.[25] Gaston became the first major hurricane of the season on August 28, while Tropical Depression Eight threatened the Outer Banks of North Carolina. On September 2, Hermine became the first hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico since Hurricane Ingrid and broke the eleven year record since Hurricane Wilma that a hurricane struck Florida. Tropical Storm Julia became the first tropical system to form over Florida on September 14. Hurricane Matthew became the first Category 5 Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Felix of 2007, and simultaneously became the southernmost storm of that intensity, beating the record set by Hurricane Ivan.[26] Later, the storm became the first storm since Hurricane Cleo to make landfall in Haiti as a Category 4 hurricane, having weakened slightly from its earlier peak.[27] Matthew wrought more than 598 deaths during its long passage; the storm also threatened to become the first major hurricane to strike Florida in 11 years, though its eye remained several miles offshore. However, early on October 8, the eye of Matthew made landfall in South Carolina with a barometric pressure of 967 mbar, becoming the strongest hurricane to landfall in the United States since Hurricane Ike, and the first hurricane to make landfall in South Carolina since Hurricane Gaston in 2004. In addition, Matthew was the first hurricane to make landfall north of Georgia in October since Hurricane Hazel. In the same month, Hurricane Nicole became a major hurricane, making 2016 the first season since 2011 with more than two major hurricanes. Nicole would later make a direct hit on Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane, becoming the strongest and the first major hurricane affecting the island since Hurricane Fabian in 2003. The rest of October and most of November was quiet, until late in the month, when Hurricane Otto became the latest-forming hurricane of at least Category 2 intensity on record and any hurricane intensity in the Caribbean, as well as the first to survive the crossover to the Eastern Pacific since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996. The season officially ended on November 30, 2016.

The Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index for the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season, as of 21:00 UTC on November 30, is 132.435 units.[nb 2] This is the highest ACE value since 2012 and well above the 1951–2000 full-season average of 93 units.

Storms

Hurricane Alex

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration January 12 – January 15
Peak intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min)  981 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Alex (2016)

A weak area of low pressure developed over northwestern Cuba in association with a stationary front on January 6. The frontal wave intensified as it moved into the central Atlantic, temporarily attaining hurricane-force winds by January 10. Steered by anomalous high pressure, the disturbance turned southeast and tracked over warmer waters. Its associated fronts dissipated, its wind field became more symmetric, and convection increased near the center, leading to the formation of Subtropical Storm Alex by 18:00 UTC on January 12. Despite marginal ocean temperatures, Alex benefited from rapidly cooling upper-air temperatures, and it intensified quickly while turning northeast. The presence of deeper convection and an eye on conventional satellite showcased the storm's transition into a fully tropical cyclone and intensification into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on January 14. Six hours later, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Alex turned north after peak, and the storm weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall on Terceira Island, Azores. With decreasing core convection and an impinging warm front, Alex transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 18:00 UTC on January 15 and was absorbed by a larger extratropical low two days later.[28]

The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Alex produced gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h) on Bermuda, as well as swells up to 20 ft (6 m) offshore; this disrupted air travel, downed trees, caused sporadic power outages, and suspended ferry services.[29] In the Azores, the cyclone produced maximum rainfall accumulations up to 4.04 in (103 mm) in Lagoa.[30] Peak gusts of 57 mph (92 km/h) affected Ponta Delgada, causing minor to moderate damage.[31] Landslides also contributed to minor damage.[32] One death occurred when a victim that suffered a heart attack was unable to take off due to unsettled conditions.[33]

Tropical Storm Bonnie

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration May 27 – June 4
Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1006 mbar (hPa)

On May 24, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather resultant from the interaction of a weakening cold front and an upper-level trough.[34] A surface area of low pressure formed late the next day,[35] eventually gaining sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression at 21:00 UTC on May 27.[36] Steered west-northwest within an only marginally conducive environment, the depression slowly intensified into Tropical Storm Bonnie a day later.[37] The continued effects of high wind shear and dry air caused the cyclone's appearance to degenerate early on May 29,[38] and Bonnie weakened back to tropical depression strength less than an hour prior to its landfall just east of Charleston, South Carolina.[39][40] The depression meandered over South Carolina for over a day before regressing to a remnant low over the northeastern portion of the state at 15:00 UTC on May 30.[41] However, Bonnie regenerated into a tropical depression on June 2 amidst more favorable conditions.[42] Late the next day, Bonnie re-strengthened back to a tropical storm due to a burst of convection.[43] Bonnie then weakened to a tropical depression on June 4 and then early on June 5, Bonnie finally dissipated into a remnant low.[44]

Upon formation, a tropical storm warning was hoisted in South Carolina from the Savannah River to the Little River Inlet.[36] Heavy rains associated with Bonnie led to localized flooding, prompting the South Carolina Highway Patrol to close the southbound lanes of Interstate 95 in Jasper County, South Carolina.[45] Rip currents along the coastline of the Southeast United States led to dozens of water rescues; the body of one 20-year-old man was recovered in Brevard County, Florida, after he drowned,[46] while the body of a 21-year-old man was recovered in New Hanover County, North Carolina, several days after he went missing.[47] In all, Bonnie is estimated to have caused more than $640,000 (2016 USD) in structural damage.[48]

Tropical Storm Colin

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration June 5 – June 7
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1000 mbar (hPa)

In early June, a low pressure system entered the Caribbean Sea. The low remained disorganized with only isolated convection, mostly in the eastern quadrant. Convection began to wrap into the center as the storm curved northward into the Gulf of Mexico on June 3.[49] After the low passed over the Yucatán Peninsula on June 5, the National Hurricane Center upgraded it to Tropical Depression Three and tropical storm warnings were issued for the Big Bend region of Florida.[50][51] Later that day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Colin, just after tropical storm watches were put in place for eastern Florida and Georgia.[52][53] The formation into a tropical storm marked the earliest formation on record of the third named storm within the Atlantic basin, exceeding the previous record set in 1887 by seven days.[21][22] Gradually curving northeastwards, Colin remained disorganized as it accelerated towards the coast of Florida on June 6; in their forecast discussion, the NHC noted that their uncertainty in locating the circulation center, instead taking the midpoint between two small-scale circulations. However, a strong burst of convection increased the winds to 50 mph (85 km/h).[54] Maintaining its intensity, Colin continued accelerating to the northeast and made landfall in the Big Bend region just after 03:00 UTC on June 7.[55] Failing to weaken over land, Colin began undergoing extratropical transition after the increasingly ill-defined circulation moved off the coast of Georgia,[56] and became fully extratropical hours later.[57] It remained extratropical and intact for nearly a week before merging with another extratropical cyclone on June 14.

Much of Florida experienced heavy rainfall, and flash flood and tornado warnings were issued. At least three people drowned along the Florida Panhandle due to rip currents, and a fourth disappeared and was presumed dead.[58][59][60] Damage from Colin in the Tampa Bay area totaled $10,000 (2016 USD).[61]

Tropical Storm Danielle

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration June 19 – June 21
Peak intensity 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min)  1007 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 8, reaching the southwestern Caribbean Sea by June 15. Convection increased that day, and further organized after the system entered the Bay of Campeche three days later, subsequently leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on June 19. Steered west-northwest and then northwest by a mid-level ridge, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Danielle by 06:00 UTC on June 20 and attained peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) six hours later. Interaction with land began to weaken the storm a few hours later, and Danielle made landfall near Tamiahua, Mexico with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). The storm rapidly weakened as it moved inland, falling to tropical depression intensity by 00:00 UTC on June 21 and degenerating into a remnant low six hours later. The remnant low continued inland before dissipating over the mountains of eastern Mexico that same day.[62]

Damage was minimal; however, in Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, a homeless man drowned in a storm drain during a flash flood.[63]

Hurricane Earl

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 2 – August 6
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  979 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Earl (2016)

The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave in the central Atlantic on July 28.[64] The disturbance's rapid movement prevented development for several days until it passed Jamaica on August 2, when a reconnaissance aircraft confirmed the presence of a closed circulation; already possessing tropical storm-force winds, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Earl.[65][66] Steered generally westward by a ridge over the South United States, Earl intensified amid warm ocean temperatures and low shear, attaining hurricane intensity and peaking with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) on August 3.[67][68] Earl made landfall just southwest of Belize City, Belize, around 06:00 UTC on August 4.[69] It quickly weakened over land, although it emerged over the southern Bay of Campeche the following day while still maintaining minimal tropical storm intensity.[70] A Hurricane Hunters mission flew into Earl later on August 5, unexpectedly measuring 60 mph (95 km/h) winds.[71] The cyclone maintained these winds up to landfall just south of Veracruz, Veracruz, around 02:00 UTC on August 6.[72] Once inland, Earl quickly weakened and the storm's circulation dissipated by 15:00 UTC.[73]

The precursor to Earl brought heavy rain and gusty winds to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles. Strong winds in the Dominican Republic downed a power line onto a bus, subsequently causing a fire that killed six people. A boat crash in Samaná Bay killed seven people.[74][75] Significant impacts were reported in Belize after Earl moved ashore as a hurricane, including downed trees and power lines, blown transformers, damaged or ripped-off roofs, coastal and inland flooding, and a significant storm surge.[76] Landslides in Mexico following the storm's second landfall resulted in an additional 54 deaths.[77]

Tropical Storm Fiona

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration August 16 – August 23
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  1004 mbar (hPa)

Late on August 14, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave and its associated convection off the western coast of Africa for potential development.[78] Steered northwest toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge over the central Atlantic, the wave organized sufficiently to be declared a tropical depression by 03:00 UTC on August 17.[79] However, in post-analysis, it was revealed Fiona formed slightly earlier then what was operationally shown - it had developed around 18:00 UTC on August 16.[80] The depression slowly organized after formation, and the development of a central dense overcast feature prompted an upgrade to Tropical Storm Fiona by 21:00 UTC on August 17.[81] Despite strong westerly shear, abundant mid-level dry air, and an otherwise disheveled satellite appearance, an ASCAT pass showcased Fiona's peak intensity with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) around 03:00 UTC on August 20.[82] Although sporadic bursts of convection continued amid the hostile environment, Fiona weakened to a tropical depression by 03:00 UTC on August 22 and degenerated into a remnant low early on August 23.[83][84]

Hurricane Gaston

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 22 – September 3
Peak intensity 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min)  956 mbar (hPa)

On August 17, the NHC highlighted the potential for tropical cyclone development off the western coast of Africa in subsequent days.[85] A weak area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave emerged into the eastern Atlantic three days later,[86] and the disturbance steadily coalesced into a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on August 22.[87] The newly formed depression organized while headed northwest, intensifying into Tropical Storm Gaston six hours after classification and attaining hurricane intensity by 09:00 UTC on August 25 in accordance with data from the NASA Global Hawk unmanned aircraft.[88][89] After its initial peak in intensity, Gaston's satellite appearance began to degrade as an upper-level low imparted strong southwesterly shear on the cyclone.[90] Upper-level winds slackened early on August 27, and a timely microwave pass highlighted the presence of a low-level eye well embedded in the storm's central dense overcast, indicating the resumption of Gaston's intensification phase.[91]

Although the cyclone continued its northwest heading, its motion slowed in a weak steering regime. Amid low shear and warm ocean temperatures, Gaston attained hurricane intensity for a second time by 03:00 UTC on August 28 and further intensified to become a Category 3 hurricane, the first major hurricane of the season, by 21:00 UTC that same day.[92][93] With a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a distinct eye, Gaston ultimately peaked with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) six hours later. A mid-level trough moving southeastward across the North Atlantic eroded a series of ridges steering Gaston, causing the system to drift north and northeast. Cold water upwelling, concurrent with dry air entrainment, caused Gaston to weaken on August 29,[94] although unexpected re-intensification allowed Gaston to attain its peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) for a second time by 03:00 UTC on August 31.[95] Later that day, Gaston began to enter increasingly cool waters and a higher shear environment and slowly degraded: it fell below major hurricane status by 21:00 UTC on August 31,[96] weakened below hurricane intensity by 09:00 UTC on September 2,[97] and degenerated into a remnant low 24 hours later while northwest of the Azores.[98]

Tropical Depression Eight

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
Duration August 28 – September 1
Peak intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min)  1009 mbar (hPa)

On August 26, a broad low pressure area formed south of Bermuda,[99] associated with a circulation that absorbed the remnants of Tropical Storm Fiona.[100] It failed to initially develop due to dry air,[101] although the associated thunderstorms produced winds of 35 mph (55 km/h). The system moved generally westward,[99] developing more organized convection on August 27,[102] which increased further the next day. Based on the organization and the system's well-organized center, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Eight at 15:00 UTC on August 28, located about 405 mi (655 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. A ridge to the north steered the nascent depression westward into an area of moderate wind shear that precluded initial development.[100] Late on August 28, the center became exposed from the convection.[103] By 24 hours later though, the thunderstorms increased and developed into banding features.[104] On August 28, the NHC issued a tropical storm watch for the Outer Banks of North Carolina from Cape Lookout to Oregon Inlet,[105] which was upgraded to a tropical storm warning on the next day.[104] However, increasing wind shear and its proximity to Hermine prevented it from developing into a tropical storm, and the depression eventually opened up into a trough early on September 1.[106]

Hurricane Hermine

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration August 28 – September 3
Peak intensity 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min)  982 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Hermine

On August 18, the NHC first noted a tropical wave southwest of Cape Verde as a potential area for development.[107] On August 24, the system crossed Guadeloupe into the Caribbean Sea while producing gale-force winds.[108][109] Marginal wind shear disrupted the system's organization,[110] and the system crossed the southern Bahamas with scattered convection.[111] While in its developmental stages, the precursor low dropped 3 to 5 in (76 to 127 mm) of rainfall across northern Cuba.[112] In Batabanó on Cuba's southern coast, the southerly winds and 8.5 in (215 mm) of rainfall caused moderate flooding.[113] On August 28, the convection increased and became more organized,[114] and the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Nine at 21:00 UTC about halfway between the Florida Keys and the north coast of Cuba.[115] On August 31, an impressive burst of thunderstorm activity around the center plus an increase of wind speed to 40 mph (64 km/h) was enough to finally classify the depression as a tropical storm, and was named Hermine.[116] Despite only marginal favorable conditions, Hermine rapidly intensified into a Category 1 hurricane and accelerated northeastwards, nearing the Big Bend area, making it the first hurricane to form in the gulf since Ingrid in 2013.[117] After making landfall on September 2, Hermine's circulation degraded. A few hours after exiting the coast, Hermine weakened into a depression and began extratropical transition. Hermine completed the transition early on September 3, and began restrengthening, as the forward motion of the storm slowed.

Tropical Storm Ian

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 12 – September 16
Peak intensity 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min)  994 mbar (hPa)

On September 5, the NHC indicated that the development of a tropical cyclone was possible in the East Atlantic over subsequent days.[118] A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa the next morning,[119] slowly coalescing into Tropical Storm Ian by 15:00 UTC on September 12.[120] Steered north and the northeast by an approaching upper-level trough, the cyclone struggled within an environment of high shear, with its low-level center displaced west of its associated convection.[121] An upper-level low became superimposed with the storm's center by late on September 14, yielding a more subtropical-like appearance on conventional satellite.[122] By 09:00 UTC on September 16, however, a small mid-level eye became apparent, and Ian accordingly peaked with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[123] Deep convection dissipated as cold air wrapped into the center, marking Ian's transition into an extratropical cyclone.[124]

Tropical Storm Julia

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 14 – September 19
Peak intensity 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min)  1007 mbar (hPa)

Early on September 8, a concentrated area of shower and thunderstorm activity developed in association with a broad low east of the Leeward Islands.[125] The disturbance increased in organization as it passed through the northwestern Bahamas late on September 12, but further development was not expected at the time.[126] By 03:00 UTC on September 14, however, the system maintained sufficient organization to be declared Tropical Storm Julia, the first tropical cyclone on record to form over Florida.[127][128] Following formation, the cyclone drifted northwards and then east offshore the Southeastern United States in a weak steering regime. A cyclonic loop occurred as strong westerly air developed in the region. The shear caused Julia to periodically fluctuate in intensity. This was also marked by periodic bursts of convection around the already disorganized center.[129] By 03:00 UTC By September 19, the center of Julia had been devoid of strong convection, as rainbands began to rapidly diminished. By 03:00 UTC that day, Julia degraded into a remnant low. The remnants of the storm continued to drift, bringing more rain to the region.[130]

Parts of North Carolina received as much as a foot of rain, while as much as 18 inches fell in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. 63 people had to be rescued from their homes, and 61 were evacuated from nursing homes. One million gallons of sewage from Elizabeth City flowed into the Pasquotank River and Charles Creek. The Cashie River in Windsor, North Carolina, reached 15 feet on September 22, 2 feet above flood stage. That same day, Gov. Pat McCrory declared a state of emergency in 11 counties. Bertie, Currituck and Hertford Counties in North Carolina closed schools.[131]

Tropical Storm Karl

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 14 – September 25
Peak intensity 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min)  988 mbar (hPa)

The NHC began monitoring a tropical wave off the western coast of Africa on September 12.[132] Steered west-northwest and then west, it steadily organized while passing through the Cabo Verde Islands, and the wave attained sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 15:00 UTC on September 14.[133] The effects of strong shear plagued the cyclone after formation, with its low-level circulation misplaced from the associated shower and thunderstorm activity.[134] By 03:00 UTC on September 16, however, a significant burst of deep convection prompted the depression's upgrade to Tropical Storm Karl.[135] The cyclone continued west for several days across the unfavorable central Atlantic, and it eventually weakened to a tropical depression by 09:00 UTC on September 21.[136] By the next afternoon, a relaxation of strong upper-level winds allowed the system to reattain tropical storm intensity as it curved near Bermuda,[137] and by early on September 25 it attained peak winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).[138] Cold air encroached on the low-level circulation by 15:00 UTC that day, marking Karl's transition to an extratropical cyclone.[139]

On Bermuda, over 300 people lost power indirectly from the storm due to a mainline fault on the island. Impacts were relatively minimal.[140] The maximum winds recorded were 34–52 mph (55–84 km/h) and gusts to over 62 mph (100 km/h).[140] Along the east coast of the United States, long-period swells from Karl were recorded as it moved out to sea.[141]

Tropical Storm Lisa

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration September 19 – September 25
Peak intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min)  999 mbar (hPa)

On September 14, the NHC noted the potential for tropical cyclone development in the East Atlantic later in the week.[142] A tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa two days later,[143] developing into a tropical depression by 21:00 UTC on September 19.[144] Then, on September 20, it strengthened to Tropical storm Lisa.[145] At 09:00 UTC September 22, Lisa reached peak intensity of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar.[146] The storm started to weaken soon after due to increasing wind shear, but restrengthened a day later.[146] Lisa managed to maintain tropical storm intensity while battling unfavorable conditions until September 23, where at 21:00 UTC the storm weakened to a tropical depression.[147] Lisa became a remnant low at 03:00 UTC on September 25, and the National Hurricane Center issued their final advisory on the system.[148] The remnants of Lisa were monitored for potential regeneration, but the remnants failed to redevelop and dissipated soon after.[149]

Hurricane Matthew

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration September 28 – October 9
Peak intensity 160 mph (260 km/h) (1-min)  934 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Matthew

On September 22, the NHC highlighted a tropical wave emerging off the western coast of Africa for potential development.[150] The wave moved swiftly westward while coalescing, and although it initially struggled to develop a closed surface circulation, the disturbance acquired sufficient organization to be declared Tropical Storm Matthew by 15:00 UTC on September 28 just southeast of Saint Lucia.[151] Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 15:00 UTC on September 29 despite a partially exposed center.[152] The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of rapid intensification; from a 24-hour period beginning at 03:00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone's maximum winds doubled, from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 160 mph (260 km/h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane – the first hurricane to reach this strength in the North Atlantic basin since Felix in 2007.[153][154] The storm's small eye became less distinct early on October 1, prompting the NHC to downgrade Matthew to a Category 4 hurricane.[155] Matthew remained a powerful Category 4 hurricane for several days, making landfall in Haiti [156][157] around 11:00 UTC on October 4, and Cuba around 00:00 UTC on October 5.[157] Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew into a Category 3, as it began to accelerate northwestwards, through the Bahamas.[158] Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm passing Freeport with winds of 140 mph, making the storm a Category 4 hurricane again.[159] Concentric eyewalls were noted at this time, thus, Matthew began to weaken as an eyewall replacement cycle began. Matthew began to decelerate soon after, with its weakened eye passing about 12 miles east of Melbourne, Florida, on October 6 with winds of 130 mph. Matthew continued to drift northwards, passing east of Georgia as a Category 3,[160] and finally, Matthew made landfall at around 11:00 a.m. EDT (15:00 UTC) on 8 October at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, near McClellanville, South Carolina, as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[161] Convection became displaced as Matthew pulled away from land, and the NHC declared that Matthew had become post-tropical, 11 days after the storm's first advisory.[162]

One person died in St. Vincent when he was crushed by a boulder.[163] Another person drowned in a river due to heavy rains in Uribia, La Guajira, in Colombia.[164] In total, up to 1,659 deaths have been attributed to the storm, including 1,600 in Haiti,[165][166][167] making it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan in 2005, which killed more than 1,600 in Central America and Mexico.

Hurricane Nicole

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration October 4 – October 18
Peak intensity 130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min)  950 mbar (hPa)

On September 25, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa, with moderate amounts of thunderstorm activity. Development was not anticipated as the wave lost most of its convection as it progressed westward. By October 1, the NHC began monitoring the tropical wave in the central Atlantic for possible tropical development as it began to turn northwestward. Still, development was considered unlikely due to wind shear from the outflow of Hurricane Matthew, which was situated to its west. However, on October 4, an ASCAT pass revealed the presence of a well-defined surface circulation and winds of up to 50 mph (85 km/h), and the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Storm Nicole at 15:00 UTC that day.[168] The NHC forecast only gradual strengthening as the storm moved slowly to the north due to weak steering currents. An eye then began to become visible at both mid- and upper-level heights, and Nicole rapidly strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane to the south of Bermuda, peaking at winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg).[169] With Matthew much stronger at that time, this was the first time since 1964 that two hurricanes at or above Category 2 existed simultaneously in the Western Atlantic Ocean (65°W).[169]

Nicole peaked in intensity and then stalled, and immediately wind shear finally began to take its toll; with the eye no longer visible and convection diminishing, Nicole rapidly weakened to a high-end tropical storm on October 7. Further weakening continued as it drifted southward, and by October 8, the cyclone's circulation was exposed and it was barely a tropical storm, with all convection displaced to the south.[170] Later that evening an impressive burst of convection flared up over the center, and Nicole again became more organized as it began to turn to the north. Gradual intensification continued throughout the next few days before briefly stopping, then later resuming on October 11 as the storm turned towards Bermuda and re-strengthened to Category 1 status.[171] On October 12, Nicole became a Category 2 hurricane again. Later on the same day, Nicole became the third major hurricane of the season when it strengthened to a Category 3 hurricane. The next day, Nicole briefly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane; but weakened back to a Category 3 hurricane several hours later due to increasing vertical wind shear. At 15:00 UTC on October 13, the hurricane's eye passed directly over Bermuda, where automated surface station measured sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) and a gust reaching 119 mph (191 km/h).[172] At 09:00 UTC on October 14, southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although swells from Nicole continue to affect Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and Atlantic Canada.[173] In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened to a tropical storm but was expected to slightly restrengthen throughout the day.[174] At 15:00 UTC that same day, Nicole restrengthened into a hurricane at a high latitude, eventually becoming one of the largest Atlantic hurricanes on record. Nicole slowly began to weaken the next day, and weakened to a tropical storm early on October 18. Nicole transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone at 09:00 UTC later that day.

Hurricane Otto

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration November 21 – November 25
(Exited basin)
Peak intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min)  975 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Otto (2016)

On November 14, an area of disturbed weather formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. Drifting for nearly a week, the weather system had a well-defined circulation and organized convection. The NHC designated it as Tropical Storm Otto on November 21 off the east coast of Nicaragua.[175][176][177][178][179][180] Fueled by warm waters and good outflow, Otto intensified into a hurricane on the 22nd while drifting westward; this was the latest that a Caribbean storm reached that intensity, one day later than the previous record set by Hurricane Martha in 1969.[181][182][183] After fluctuating between hurricane and tropical storm status, Otto made landfall on the southern Nicaragua coast near San Juan de Nicaragua on November 24 at 1:00 p.m EST with winds of 110 mph, the storm's peak intensity. With this, Otto became the southernmost hurricane to make landfall in Central America. Weakening ensued as Otto moved inland. Around 02:15 UTC on November 25, Otto exited into the the Eastern Pacific, marking the first time a tropical cyclone survived the crossover from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.

Storm names

The following list of names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2016. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2017. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2022 season. This is the same list used in the 2010 season, with the exception of Ian and Tobias, which replaced Igor and Tomas, respectively.[184] The name Ian was used for the first time this year.

  • Otto
  • Paula (unused)
  • Richard (unused)
  • Shary (unused)
  • Tobias (unused)
  • Virginie (unused)
  • Walter (unused)

Season effects

This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD.

Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2016 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

 Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Areas affected Damage
(millions USD)		 Deaths
Alex January 12 – 15 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 981 Bermuda, Azores Minimal (1)
Bonnie May 27 – June 4 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1006 The Bahamas, Southeastern United States 0.64 2
Colin June 5 – 7 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1000 Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Florida, East Coast of the United States 0.01 6
Danielle June 19 – 21 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1007 Yucatán Peninsula, Eastern Mexico Unknown 1
Earl August 2 – 6 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 979 Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Central America, Mexico 250 61 (6)
Fiona August 16 – 23 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1004 None None None
Gaston August 22 – September 3 Category 3 hurricane 120 (195) 956 Azores None None
Eight August 28 – September 1 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1009 North Carolina None None
Hermine August 28 – September 3 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 982 Dominican Republic, Cuba, Florida, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States 800 4 (1)
Ian September 12 – 16 Tropical storm 60 (95) 994 None None None
Julia September 14 – 19 Tropical storm 40 (65) 1007 Southeastern United States Unknown None
Karl September 14 – 25 Tropical storm 70 (110) 988 Cape Verde, Bermuda Minimal None
Lisa September 19 – 25 Tropical storm 50 (85) 999 None None None
Matthew September 28 – October 9 Category 5 hurricane 160 (260) 934 Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas, Leeward Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Cuba, Lucayan Archipelago, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada ≥10,580 1,655 (4)
Nicole October 4 – 18 Category 4 hurricane 130 (215) 950 Bermuda Unknown 1 (1)
Otto November 21 – 25 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 975 Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Colombia ≥21.7 22
Season Aggregates
16 cyclones January 12 – November 25   160 (260) 934 ≥11,652 1,752 (13)

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The last storm, Otto, did not dissipate on November 25. It crossed into the Eastern Pacific, and because it was the final storm of the season, the crossover date is listed here as the dissipation date.
  2. ↑ The totals represent the sum of the squares for every (sub)tropical storm's intensity of over 33 knots (38 mph, 61 km/h), divided by 10,000. Calculations are provided at Talk:2016 Atlantic hurricane season/ACE calcs.

References

  1. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 2, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Major Hurricane Nicole makes rare, dangerous strike on Bermuda". Bermuda: Accuweather. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (December 16, 2015). Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  5. 1 2 Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (April 5, 2016). April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  6. 1 2 http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2016/apr2016/apr2016.pdf
  7. ↑ http://scmss.coastal.edu/sites/default/files/uploaded_files/HUGO_forecast_2016_2.pdf
  8. ↑ "East Coast Should Expect Active Hurricane Season, Researchers Say". 15 April 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Met Office predicts slightly above-average Atlantic hurricane season". Met Office News Blog. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Near-normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year". Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  11. ↑ "Pre-Season Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  12. ↑ "EXTENDED RANGE FORECAST OF ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE ACTIVITY AND LANDFALL STRIKE PROBABILITY FOR 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  13. ↑ "2016 WeatherTiger Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook". Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  14. ↑ "FORECAST OF ATLANTIC SEASONAL HURRICANE ACTIVITY AND LANDFALL STRIKE PROBABILITY FOR 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2016.
  15. 1 2 Mark Saunders; Adam Lea (July 5, 2016). July Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 (PDF) (Report). London, United Kingdom: Tropical Storm Risk. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
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  29. ↑ Jonathan Bell (January 8, 2016). "Windy weather affects flights and power". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
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  31. ↑ "Rare January Hurricane Alex Landfalls in The Azores as a Tropical Storm". Atlanta, Georgia: The Weather Channel. January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  32. ↑ Ana Dias Cordeiro and Lusa (January 15, 2016). "Furacão Alex passou a tempestade tropical depois de ter atravessado os Açores". Público (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
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  35. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (May 25, 2016). "Special Tropical Weather Outlook 740 pm EDT Wed May 25 2016". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  36. 1 2 Stacy R. Stewart (May 27, 2016). "Tropical Depression Two Public Advisory Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
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  38. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (May 29, 2016). "Tropical Storm Bonnie Public Advisory Number 7". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  39. ↑ Daniel P. Brown; Todd B. Kimberlain (May 29, 2016). "Tropical Depression Bonnie Intermediate Advisory Number 7A". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  40. ↑ Daniel P. Brown; Todd B. Kimberlain (May 29, 2016). "Tropical Depression Bonnie Tropical Cyclone Update". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  41. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (May 29, 2016). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Bonnie Public Advisory Number 12". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  42. ↑ John L. Beven (June 2, 2016). "Tropical Depression Bonnie Discussion Number 24". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  43. ↑ John L. Beven (June 3, 2016). "Tropical Storm Bonnie Discussion Number 29". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  44. ↑ Eric S. Blake (June 5, 2016). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Bonnie Discussion Number 34". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
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  46. ↑ Christal Hayes (May 30, 2016). "Rip currents cause Kissimmee man to drown at beach, officials day". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
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  50. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (June 5, 2016). "5-Day Tropical Weather Outlook 800 am EDT Sun Jun 5 2016". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  51. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (June 5, 2016). "Tropical Depression Three Discussion Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
  52. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (June 5, 2016). "Tropical Storm Colin Public Advisory Number 2". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
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  54. ↑ John L. Beven (June 6, 2016). "Tropical Storm Colin Discussion Number 4". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  55. ↑ Richard J. Pasch (June 6, 2016). "Tropical Storm Colin Discussion Number 7". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
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  68. ↑ Jack Beven (August 4, 2016). Hurricane Earl Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  69. ↑ Jack Beven (August 4, 2016). Hurricane Earl Discussion Number 008 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
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  73. ↑ Lixion Avila (August 6, 2016). Remnants of Earl Discussion Number 017 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
  74. ↑ Eric Chaney (August 2, 2016). "Jamaica, Caymans Bracing for Tropical System That 6 Killed in Dominican Republic". Weather.com.
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  79. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (August 16, 2016). Tropical Depression Six Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
  80. ↑ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL062016_Fiona.pdf
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  82. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (August 20, 2016). Tropical Storm Fiona Discussion Number 17 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
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  99. 1 2 Robbie Berg (August 27, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  100. 1 2 Michael Brennan (August 28, 2016). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
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  103. ↑ Michael Brennan (August 28, 2016). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  104. 1 2 Eric Blake (August 29, 2016). Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
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  113. ↑ "Temporal de lluvias provoca inundación en una localidad costera" (in Spanish). El Mundo. EFE. August 30, 2016.
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  115. ↑ Michael Brennan (August 28, 2016). Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
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  126. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 12, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  127. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart; James L. Franklin (September 13, 2016). "Tropical Storm Julia Public Advisory Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  128. ↑ Doyle Rice (September 14, 2016). "Tropical Storm Julia first to form over land in Florida". USA Today. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  129. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (September 15, 2016). Tropical Depression Julia Discussion Number 6 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  130. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (September 18, 2016). "Post-Tropical Cyclone Julia Public Advisory Number 21". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  131. ↑ "N. Carolina flooding from Julia closes schools, spews sewage". News & Observer. Associated Press. September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
  132. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 12, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  133. ↑ John L. Beven II (September 14, 2016). Tropical Depression Twelve Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  134. ↑ Robbie J. Berg (September 15, 2016). Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  135. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 15, 2016). Tropical Storm Karl Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  136. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 21, 2016). Tropical Depression Karl Public Advisory Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  137. ↑ Amy Campbell; Brendon Rubin-Oster; Robbie J. Berg (September 22, 2016). Tropical Storm Karl Discussion Number 34 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  138. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 25, 2016). Tropical Storm Karl Public Advisory Number 44 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  139. ↑ Todd B. Kimberlain (September 25, 2016). Post-Tropical Cyclone Karl Discussion Number 45 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  140. 1 2 "TS Karl skirts island: outages, storm surge - The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Storm".
  141. ↑ "Weather: Afternoon storms forming Saturday; rip current risk high".
  142. ↑ John P. Cangialosi (September 14, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  143. ↑ John L. Beven II (September 16, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  144. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 19, 2016). Tropical Depression Thirteen Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
  145. ↑ "Tropical Storm LISA". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  146. 1 2 "Tropical Storm LISA". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  147. ↑ "Tropical Depression LISA". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  148. ↑ "Post-Tropical Cyclone LISA". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  149. ↑ Stacy R. Stewart (September 27, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  150. ↑ Michael J. Brennan (September 22, 2016). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  151. ↑ Daniel P. Brown (September 28, 2016). Tropical Storm Matthew Public Advisory Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  152. ↑ Daniel P. Brown; Richard J. Pasch (September 29, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Advisory Number 5A (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  153. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 29, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  154. ↑ Lixion A. Avila (September 30, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 12 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  155. ↑ John L. Beven II (October 1, 2016). Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  156. ↑ "Hurricane MATTHEW". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
  157. 1 2 Holthaus, Eric (2016-10-02). "Matthew Could Become One of Haiti's Worst-Ever Hurricanes". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
  158. ↑ Brown, Daniel; Cangialosi, John. "Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Advisory Number 28A". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  159. ↑ Avila, Lixion. "Hurricane Matthew Intermediate Advisory Number 34A". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  160. ↑ Stewart, Stacy. "Hurricane Matthew Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  161. ↑ Lixion, Avila. "Hurricane Matthew Advisory Number 42". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  162. ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Post-Tropical Cyclone Matthew Advisory Number 47". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
  163. ↑ Domenica Davis (September 29, 2016). "Matthew blamed for 1 death in Leeward Islands". KSBW. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
  164. ↑ "Huracán Matthew se fortalece y aumenta a categoría cuatro" (in Spanish). Noticias Caracol. September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  165. ↑ Bernhard, Mühr; Daniell, James; Wisotzky, Christina; Wandel, Jan; Becker, Florian; Buchholz, Marcel; Baumstark, Sven; Dittrich, André. "C EDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group (FDA) Hurricane Matthew 1 4 October 2016 – Report No. 1" (PDF). Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
  166. ↑ Carswell, Simon. "Hurricane Matthew kills 140, spurs mass Florida evacuation". The Irish Times. Dublin, Ireland. Retrieved October 6, 2016.
  167. ↑ Wright, Pam. "Hurricane Matthew Kills At Least 478 in Haiti: 'The Situation Is Catastrophic,' Says Haitian President". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  168. ↑ Pasch, Forecaster. "Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  169. 1 2 Pasch, Forecaster. "Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  170. ↑ Pasch, Forecaster. "Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  171. ↑ Pasch, Forecaster. "Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30". National Hurricane Center. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  172. ↑ Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg (October 13, 2016). "Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  173. ↑ Avila, Lixion (October 14, 2016). "Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 14, 2016.
  174. ↑ Berg, Robbie (October 14, 2016). "Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
  175. ↑ Stacy Stewart (November 14, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  176. ↑ Jack Beven (November 16, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  177. ↑ Jack Beven (November 18, 2016). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  178. ↑ Richard Pasch (November 20, 2016). Special Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  179. ↑ Stacy Stewart (November 21, 2016). Tropical Depression Sixteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  180. ↑ Richard Pasch (November 21, 2016). Tropical Storm Otto Discussion Number 3 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  181. ↑ Eric Blake; Richard Pasch (November 22, 2016). Hurricane Otto Discussion Number 8 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  182. ↑ Eric Blake (November 22, 2016). Tropical Storm Otto Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  183. ↑ Eric Blake; Richard Pasch (November 22, 2016). Hurricane Otto Discussion Number 8 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
  184. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names. National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 11, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.

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