Towaco Formation

Towaco Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lower Jurassic

Various colors and textures of Towaco Formation seen within Pines Lake area of Wayne, New Jersey.
Type Geological formation
Unit of Newark Supergroup
Underlies Preakness Basalt
Overlies Orange Mountain Basalt
Thickness maximum of at least 1,115 feet (340 m)[1]
Lithology
Primary Sandstone, Siltstone, Mudstone
Other Clastic, Conglomerate
Location
Region Newark Basin of
Eastern North America Rift Basins
Extent nearly continuous for ~35 miles (56 km) in New Jersey
Type section
Named for Towaco, New Jersey[1]
Named by Paul E. Olsen, 1980[1]

The Towaco Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in New Jersey. It is named for the unincorporated village of Towaco, which is near the place its type section was described by paleontologist Paul E. Olsen.[1]

Description

The Towaco Formation is composed of reddish brown, reddish purple, gray, grayish-green, and white sandstone of varying grain thickness, as well as black siltstone and calcareous mudstone. Clasitc/conglomerate beds are known to exist, including a 1-meter (~3 feet) thick volcaniclastic bed in the upper portion of the formation.[1][2]

Depositional environment

The Towaco Formation can be characterized as a continuation of the Passaic Formation, which is mostly playa and alluvial fan deposits resulting from the rifting of Pangea. The primarily red color of this formation is often evidence that the sediments were deposited in arid conditions.[3] However, the Towaco Formation differs from the Passaic Formation in that it contains a more significant portion of non-red layers, which were laid down by deep lakes present during wetter periods.[4]

One of the key differences between the Towaco Formation and earlier Triassic/Jurassic sedimentary formations of the Newark Basin is that it contains much longer cyclical deposition periods. Cycles in the Towaco Formation are represented by sequences of rock ten times thicker than sequences seen in the Lockatong and Passaic formations.[1]

Additionally, compared to the underlying Feltville Formation, the Towaco Formation contains a much more significant clastic component.[1]

Fossils

Fish fossils, commonly those of the ray-finned Semiontus, can be found within the formation.[1] In other layers, indeterminate fossil ornithischian tracks have been noted,[5] along with additional reptile and dinosaur prints. Carbonized plant remains and impressions, as well as root structures and pollen, are present. Coprolite can also be found within the formation.[1]

Age

The Towaco Formation rests conformably above the Preakness Mountain Basalt and below the Hook Mountain Basalt, placing its deposition somewhere between approximately 198 and 197 million years ago during the early Jurassic stage known as the Hettangian.

See also

References

In-line citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Olsen, P.E., 1980. The Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Formations of the Newark Basin (Eastern North America, Newark Supergroup): Stratigraphy, Structure, and Correlation. New Jersey Academy of Science Bulletin, v. 25, no. 2, p. 25-51.
  2. ↑ Mineral Resources Online Spatial Data – Towaco Formation, New Jersey. U.S. Geological Survey. Accessed July 23, 2010.
  3. ↑ Faill, R.T., (2004). The Birdsboro Basin. Pennsylvania Geology V. 34 n. 4.
  4. ↑ Schlische, Roy W. Geology of the Newark Rift Basin. Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. Accessed July 23, 2010.
  5. ↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.

Additional references

  1. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
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