Tin based perovskite solar cells

A tin based perovskite solar cell is a special type of perovskite solar cell, where the lead is substituted by tin. It has a tin-based perovskite structure (ASnX3), where 'A' is a 1+ cation and 'X' is a monovalent halogen anion. The maximum solar cell efficiency reported was 6.4% for methylammonium tin iodide (CH3NH3SnI3),[1] 5.73% for CH3NH3SnIBr2,[2] 4.8% for formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3),[3] and 2.02% for CsSnI3.[4] The methylammonium tin iodide (CH3NH3SnI3) has a band gap of 1.2-1.3 eV.[5][6]

Tin-based perovskite solar cells are still in the research phase and there are relatively few publication about them, compared to their counterpart, lead-based perovskite solar cells. This is mainly due to the instability of the 2+ oxidation state of tin (Sn2+) in methylammonium tin iodide (CH3NH3SnI3), which can be easily oxidized to the more stable Sn4+,[7] leading to a process called self doping,[8] where the Sn4+ acts as a p-dopant leading to the reduction in the solar cell efficiency.

The main advantage of tin-based perovskite solar cells that they is lead-free. There are environmental concerns with using lead-based perovskite solar cells in large scale applications;[9][10] one such concern is that since the material is soluble in water, and lead is highly toxic, any contamination from damaged solar cells would cause major health and environmental problems [11][12]

References

  1. ↑ Noel, N.K., et al., Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014. 7(9): p. 3061-3068.
  2. ↑ Hao, F., et al., Lead-free solid-state organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Nature photonics, 2014. 8(6): p. 489-494.
  3. ↑ Lee, S.J., et al., Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF2-Pyrazine Complex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016. 14. Wehrenfennig, C., et al., High charge carrier mobilities and lifetimes in organolead trihalide
  4. ↑ Kumar, M.H., et al., Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Photocurrents Realized Through Vacancy Modulation. Advanced Materials, 2014. 26(41): p. 7122-7127.
  5. ↑ Noel, N.K., et al., Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 2014. 7(9): p. 3061-3068.
  6. ↑ Hao, F., et al., Lead-free solid-state organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells. Nature photonics, 2014. 8(6): p. 489-494.
  7. ↑ Lee, S.J., et al., Fabrication of Efficient Formamidinium Tin Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells through SnF2-Pyrazine Complex. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2016.
  8. ↑ Takahashi, Y., et al., Charge-transport in tin-iodide perovskite CH3NH3SnI3: origin of high conductivity. Dalton Transactions, 2011. 40(20): p. 5563-5568.
  9. ↑ Espinosa, N., et al., Solution and vapour deposited lead perovskite solar cells: Ecotoxicity from a life cycle assessment perspective. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2015. 137: p. 303-310.
  10. ↑ Zhang, J., et al., Life Cycle Assessment of Titania Perovskite Solar Cell Technology for Sustainable Design and Manufacturing. ChemSusChem, 2015. 8(22): p. 3882-3891.
  11. ↑ Benmessaoud, I.R., et al., Health hazards of methylammonium lead iodide based perovskites: cytotoxicity studies. Toxicology Research, 2016.
  12. ↑ Babayigit, A., et al., Assessing the toxicity of Pb-and Sn-based perovskite solar cells in model organism Danio rerio. Scientific reports, 2016. 6: p. 18721.
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