Timeline of nonprofit evaluation

This is a timeline of nonprofit evaluation, in particular charity evaluation.

Big picture

Time period Key developments
1869–1930s Scientific philanthropy (or scientific charity) begins. This movement is influenced by Social Darwinism in trying to exclude certain groups from receiving support, but is also focused on record-keeping and self-evaluation.[1][2]
1992–present Starting with CharityWatch, this period sees the emergence of many charity watchdog organizations.
late 2000s Effective altruism begins to emerge as a movement with its current name. The movement emphasizes the evaluation of charity organizations and causes and includes charity watchdogs like GiveWell.

Full timeline

Year Evaluation type Event Geographic location
1869 Self-evaluation Charity Organization Societies (COS) begin in England. In the US, the COS keeps centralized records and learn from each other, and is part of the Scientific Charity Movement. The COS is dominant in private charity until the 1930s.[1] England, Germany, United States
1941 Government regulation Form 990 is first used.[3] Form 990 is an Internal Revenue Service form that provides the public with financial information about a nonprofit organization and is sometimes used by charity evaluation organizations. United States
1956 Resource Foundation Center is founded.[4] Among other activities, the Foundation Center provides databases with detailed information about nonprofits.[4][5] It is often cited in news reports on the state of foundation giving.[6][7] United States
1966 Foundation measuring nonprofit grantees The Hewlett Foundation is established.[8] In the coming years, the Hewlett Foundation would focus on "outcome-focused grantmaking"[9] and start the Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative, a funder of many charity evaluation organizations.
1982 Resource The National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS) launches. In 1986, NCCS would become a project of the Center on Nonprofits and Philanthropy at the Urban Institute.[10] NCCS is most famous for developing the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE). NTEE codes are used both by the IRS[11] and by other resources and charity evaluators such as GuideStar[12] and Charity Navigator.[13] United States
1987 Publication The NonProfit Times, a newspaper covering the nonprofit sector, is launched.[14][15] United States (New Jersey, but covers the whole country)
1988 Publication The Chronicle of Philanthropy is founded.[16] The Chronicle of Philanthropy is a newspaper that covers the nonprofit world and is aimed at charity leaders, foundation executives, fund raisers, and other people involved in philanthropy.[16]
1992 Charity watchdog CharityWatch is founded as American Institute of Philanthropy.[17] CharityWatch provides information about charities' financial efficiency, accountability, governance, and fundraising.[18] United States
1994 Charity watchdog GuideStar, an information service specializing in reporting on US nonprofit companies, launches as Philanthropic Research, Inc. with a staff of five: founder Buzz Schmidt and four employees.[18][19] United States
1999 Consulting McKinsey & Company creates a separate non-profit practice focused on global public health, foundations, and international aid and development. In general, it charges half its regular fee for such work. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which would formally be founded in 2000, is one of its first clients.[20] United States
2000 Consulting The Bridgespan Group is founded by Thomas Tierney, former Managing Director of Bain & Company.[20][21] Its goal is to provide management consulting to nonprofits and philanthropists.[20][21][22] Bridgespan differs from McKinsey in its initial focus: it is targeting mid-sized nonprofits rather than large ones.[20] United States (Boston)
2000 Consulting Faunalytics, a nonprofit organization that conducts opinion polls, audience surveys, focus groups, and other types of research for animal advocates. Faunalytics helps nonprofits conduct direct impact measurement and evaluation of programs. [23]
2000 Consulting FSG is founded as Foundation Strategy Group by Michael Porter with Mark Kramer. FSG provides consulting to nonprofits to increase impact, and has introduced concepts such as catalytic philanthropy.[24] FSG has also published documents such as Breakthroughs in Shared Measurement and Social Impact, which explores how to evaluate outcomes in organizations.[22][25] United States (Boston)
2000 Charity watchdog Ministry Watch, an evangelical Christian organization that reviews Protestant ministries for financial accountability and transparency, is founded.
2001 Charity watchdog BBB Wise Giving Alliance adopts its current name.[26] The BBB Wise Giving Alliance publishes a set of standards of accountability for charitable organizations and evaluations of national charities against those standards. United States
2001 Charity watchdog Charity Navigator is launched by Pat and Marion Dugan.[27] Charity Navigator is an American independent charity watchdog organization that evaluates charitable organizations in the United States.[28] United States
2001 Consulting The Center for Effective Philanthropy, a nonprofit organization focused on the development of comparative data to enable higher-performing philanthropic funders, is founded. Phil Buchanan is its chief executive at the time of founding.[29][30] United States (Cambridge, Massachusetts)
2002 Charity watchdog New Philanthropy Capital launches, founded by Goldman Sachs partners Gavyn Davies and Peter Wheeler.[31] New Philanthropy Capital is a charitable organisation that tries to direct more funding to effective charities and help donors make more informed decisions on how to give.[20][32] United Kingdom (London)
2003 Publication First issue of the Stanford Social Innovation Review, a magazine-cum-website about social innovation, is published.[33] United States
2003 Consulting The Redstone Strategy Group, a company that helps nonprofits by conducting analysis, is founded.[34] United States
2005 Charity watchdog Intelligent Giving launches. Intelligent Giving is a charity evaluator advising donors on how to make the most satisfactory use of their money. It employs a casual, witty style on their website. Intelligent Giving would stop operating in 2009.[35] (Note: 2005 is the earliest mention of the organization; the founding date is unclear.) United Kingdom (London)
2006 Charity watchdog Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative launches. Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative is an initiative of the Effective Philanthropy Group of the Hewlett Foundation that tries to have more individual philanthropic donations be based on information about a nonprofit's performance.[36][37][38][39] It has also funded GiveWell.[40] The Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative would close in April 2014.
2006 Resource Center for High Impact Philanthropy is established at the University of Pennsylvania. The Center focuses on high impact philanthropy, both in the US and internationally and puts out studies, papers, and briefings on how to maximize the impact of one's philanthropy.[41] United States
Late 2000s, continuing into 2010s Social movement Effective altruism, a philosophy and social movement that attempts to apply evidence and reason to ethical decision-making, begins to emerge as a movement. Note that the term "effective altruism" would be coined only in the 2010s.[42][43] Global, but concentrated initially in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia
2006 Charity watchdog Charity Intelligence Canada is conceived.[44] Its first audited financial statement is for the year from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008, so some sources put the founding date as 2007 or 2008.[45][46] In 2012, Charity Intelligence Canada temporarily loses its own registered charity status in 2011 due to failure to file financial reports.[47] Its recommendations and ratings are cited in Canadian publications in discussions of where to donate.[48][49] Canada
2007 Charity watchdog GreatNonprofits is founded. GreatNonprofits provides reviews and ratings of US nonprofit organizations.[50] United States
2007 Charity watchdog GiveWell launches, founded by former Bridgewater Associates hedge fund analysts Holden Karnofsky and Elie Hassenfeld.[51] GiveWell is a non-profit charity evaluator and effective altruism-focused organization that focuses primarily on the cost-effectiveness of the organizations that it evaluates, rather than traditional metrics such as the percentage of the organization's budget that is spent on overhead.[52] In the coming years, GiveWell's top recommendations would be cited by many publications discussing where to donate money.[53][54][55] United States, but evaluating charities globally. Initially based in New York City, later moved to San Francisco
2008 Charity watchdog Philanthropedia launches as the Nonprofit Knowledge Network. Philanthropedia is an expert crowdsourcing resource for funders and others to learn about high-impact nonprofit organizations.[56] In 2011 it would become a division of GuideStar.[57]
2008 Resource The International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) launches in September at the Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness held in Accra, Ghana.[58]:3[59] The IATI provides a standard XML schema which organizations can use to report their activities. The IATI also provides a registry that tracks the aid information of 473 organizations as of September 2016.[60]
2010 Charity watchdog Jumo is launched by Facebook co-founder Chris Hughes.[61][62] Jumo is a social networking service and website that indexes charities so people can find and evaluate them. Jumo would merge with GOOD in August 2011.[63] United States (Palo Alto, California)
2010–2011 Charity watchdog In July 2010, Charity Navigator (CN) announces its first major revamp.[64] This revamping begins what the organization states is the process to move toward CN 3.0, which is a three-dimensional rating system that will include what they consider the critical elements to consider in making a wise charitable investment – (1) financial health (Charity Navigator evaluated this from its inception), (2) accountability and transparency (begun in July 2010) and (3) results reporting (slated to begin rating this dimension in July 2012).[65] After collecting data for more than a year, in September 2011 Charity Navigator launches CN 2.0, which is a two-dimensional rating system that rates a charity's (1) financial health and (2) accountability and transparency.[66]
2011 Charity watchdog/foundation Open Philanthropy Project (Open Phil) launches as GiveWell Labs. Open Phil is a joint project between GiveWell (a charity evaluator focusing mostly on global health) and Good Ventures (a philanthropic organization co-founded by Cari Tuna and her husband Dustin Moskovitz, one of the co-founders of Facebook)[67] that tries to identify the most effective ways to give money to a wide variety of causes.[68][69] United States
2012 Charity watchdog Animal Charity Evaluators (ACE), a US-based non-profit charity evaluator and effective altruism-focused organization dedicated to finding and promoting the most effective ways to help animals, launches.[70] In the coming years, ACE's recommendations would be cited by many publications discussing how to best help animals.[53] United States
2013 Publication Inside Philanthropy is launched by David Callahan.[71] The web publication covers billionaire and foundation giving as well as the activities of nonprofits.[72] United States
2015 Charity watchdog ImpactMatters is launched in December by economist Dean Karlan and Elijah Goldberg.[73] ImpactMatter is incubated at Innovations for Poverty Action and conducts audits of nonprofits.[74] United States

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Stuhler, Linda S. "Scientific Charity Movement and Charity Organization Societies". Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  2. ↑ Emma Saunders-Hastings (July 1, 2015). "The Logic of Effective Altruism". Boston Review. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
  3. ↑ Cheryl Chasin, Debra Kawecki and David Jones (2002). "G. Form 990" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  4. 1 2 "About Foundation Center". Foundation Center. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  5. ↑ Teltsch, Kathleen (April 11, 1982). "INFORMATION CENTER AIDS PEOPLE SEEKING GRANTS". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  6. ↑ Abelson, Reed (March 29, 2000). "Foundation Giving Is at $23 Billion High". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  7. ↑ Strom, Stephanie (March 30, 2009). "Foundation Giving in '08 Defied Huge Asset Decline". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  8. ↑ "William and Flora Hewlett and the Hewlett Foundation". Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Doing good today and better tomorrow" (PDF). The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Environment Program.
  10. ↑ "About NCCS". National Center for Charitable Statistics. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  11. ↑ "Instructions for Form 1023-EZ (08/2015). Streamlined Application for Recognition of Exemption Under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code". Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  12. ↑ "National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE) Classification System". GuideStar. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Charity Navigator rating for the Anti-Defamation League". Charity Navigator. Retrieved June 26, 2016. (note that the description of the charity includes a NTEE code, classification, and type)
  14. ↑ "Moving Beyond the Four Horsemen of the Philanthropy Beat". New York Times. November 20, 2000. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  15. ↑ Meier, Barry (December 2, 1989). "CONSUMER'S WORLD; Seeking Charities That Actually Help". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  16. 1 2 Doty, Cate (September 10, 2007). "Who's the Most Charitable of Us All? Celebrities Don't Always Make the Cut". New York Times.
  17. ↑ "American Institute of Philanthropy, CharityWatch". Double the Donation. December 21, 2013.
  18. 1 2 "Watchdogging the charity watchdogs". Seattle Times. December 29, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  19. ↑ "GuideStar History". Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Virtue's intermediaries", The Economist, February 23, 2006, retrieved August 21, 2013
  21. 1 2 "Want a Business Plan? Log on for Free Advice", The New York Times, November 10, 2008, retrieved August 21, 2013
  22. 1 2 "Nonprofit Consulting/Philanthropic Advising Firms". Stanford University. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  23. ↑ "Che Green". Faunalytics. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  24. ↑ "Our Story". FSG. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Evaluation for Nonprofit Organizations". Foundation Center. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  26. ↑ O'Donnell, Jayne (December 27, 2012). "BBB's charity ratings, seal of approval under fire". Retrieved April 25, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Video: The History of Charity Navigator". Charity Navigator. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  28. ↑ Strom, Stephanie (November 27, 2010). "To Help Donors Choose, Web Site Alters How It Sizes Up Charities". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Phil Buchanan". The Center for Effective Philanthropy. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  30. ↑ Strom, Stephanie (April 23, 2004). "Charities Surprise Donor Foundations With Bluntness". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Our history". New Philanthropy Capital. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  32. ↑ Butler, Patrick (August 1, 2007). "Full stop missing on child abuse". The Guardian. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Spring 2003 Issue". Stanford Social Innovation Review. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  34. ↑ "Redstone Strategy Group Llc". Bloomberg.
  35. ↑ "How to Give". The Spectator. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Harold, Jacob (August 5, 2014). "Dialogue about the Hewlett Foundation's Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative". Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  37. ↑ Karnofsky, Holden (August 5, 2014). "Thoughts on the End of Hewlett's Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative". GiveWell. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  38. ↑ "Hewlett Ends Effort to Get Donors to Make Dispassionate Choices on Giving". Chronicle of Philanthropy. April 3, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  39. ↑ Twersky, Fay (April 4, 2014). "Follow-up on Our Decision to End the Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative". Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
  40. ↑ Karnofsky, Holden (August 5, 2014). "Thoughts on the End of Hewlett's Nonprofit Marketplace Initiative".
  41. ↑ "About". Center for High Impact Philanthropy. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  42. ↑ Singer, Peter (April 1, 2015). "The Most Good You Can Do". The Life You Can Save. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  43. ↑ Cowen, Tyler (August 16, 2015). "Effective Altruism: Where Charity and Rationality Meet". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Our Story". Charity Intelligence Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Audited Financial Statements". Charity Intelligence Canada. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Who is Charity Intelligence Canada? Registered charity helps people decide where to donate their money.". The Star. November 15, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  47. ↑ Waldie, Paul (September 24, 2012). "Tables turned on Charity Intelligence as charitable status revoked". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Charity Intelligence names top 10 organizations on social return on investment. Charities in Canada, the E.U. and the U.S. produce 2 dollars of return for every dollar donated, on average". CBC News. November 4, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  49. ↑ Brownell, Claire (December 12, 2014). "Charities of the Year: How the Financial Post chose from 86,000 registered Canadian organizations". Financial Post. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  50. ↑ "The Story of GreatNonprofits". GreatNonprofits. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Our Story". GiveWell. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  52. ↑ Stephanie Strom (December 20, 2007). "2 Young Hedge-Fund Veterans Stir Up the World of Philanthropy". The New York Times.
  53. 1 2 Matthews, Dylan (December 1, 2015). "These are the charities where your money will do the most good". Vox. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  54. ↑ Ron Lieber (April 25, 2014). "Donating, and Making Sure the Money Is Put to Work". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
  55. ↑ Linch Zhang (June 21, 2016). "How Can You do the Most Good with Your Charitable Giving? This Expert's Answers Might Surprise You". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  56. ↑ Cuberta, Phil. "Dam Busting to Get a Flood of Giving Now". 50 Shades of Grey in Philanthropy. Gift Hub. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  57. ↑ Deyan (March 17, 2011). "Exciting Announcement: GuideStar Acquires Philanthropedia". My Philanthropedia. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  58. ↑ Davies, Ian C.; Brümmer, Julia; Vaca, Sara; Weiss, Lauren (October 2015). "Evaluation of the International Aid Transparency Initiative IATI: "Evaluation of IATI as a Political Initiative": Final Report" (PDF). Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  59. ↑ Claudia Schwegmann (January 17, 2013). ""My CEO will tear off my head, if I suggest to him that we implement IATI."". Space for Transparency. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  60. ↑ "Welcome - IATI Registry". Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  61. ↑ Jenna Wortham (2010-11-30). "2010 A Facebook Founder Begins a Social Network Focused on Charities". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  62. ↑ Brenna Ehrlich (2010-12-01). "Facebook Co-Founder Launches Social Network for Social Good, Jumo". Retrieved 2010-12-23.
  63. ↑ Chris Hughes, Jumo and GOOD Combine Forces to Create Content and Social Engagement Platform, Jumo blog, August 17, 2011
  64. ↑ Ken Berger (July 1, 2010). "Charity Navigator Expands Rating Methodology". Charitiy Navigator. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  65. ↑ "Where We Are Headed (2013 and Beyond)". charitynavigator.org. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  66. ↑ Berger, Ken (2011-09-20). "Ken's Commentary: CN 2.0: More Knowledge, More Good". Kenscommentary.org. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
  67. ↑ David Callahan (December 14, 2015). "How Does an Emerging "Army" of Tech Donors Think? Ask This Guy". Inside Philanthropy. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  68. ↑ Karnofsky, Holden. "Open Philanthropy Project (formerly GiveWell Labs)". GiveWell.
  69. ↑ Martin, Sydney (September 5, 2015). "Open Philanthropy Project". Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  70. ↑ "About". Animal Charity Evaluators. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Inside Philanthropy". CrunchBase. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  72. ↑ "Challenging The Big Funders: Philanthropy Startup Targets Billionaires And Their Giving". Forbes. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  73. ↑ Zach Groff (December 11, 2015). "Announcing ImpactMatters: Auditing Charity Impact across Causes". Effective Altruism Forum.
  74. ↑ Annie Duflo (December 11, 2015). "IPA Incubates New Nonprofit Organization ImpactMatters". Innovations for Poverty Action.
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