Timeline of early Islamic history
This is a timeline of the early history of Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad (610–632). A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at List of expeditions of Muhammad.
![](../I/m/Hakob_Hovnatanian_-_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib.jpg)
Ali Ibn Abi Talib considered the first Male Muslim convert to Islam by many early Muslim scholars.[1] Depiction by Hakob Hovnatanyan
![](../I/m/Muhammad_12.jpg)
A painting from Siyer-i Nebi, Ali beheading Nadr ibn al-Harith in the presence of Muhammad and his companions. He was the first person to be beheaded and executed on the orders of Muhammad [4]
No. | Record, milestone or achievement | Date | Noteworthy facts | Notable primary sources |
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1 | Muhammad's first revelation: Quran 96:1–5[5][6][7][8] | 610 [5][6][7][8] |
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2 | First Muslim convert: Khadija [9] | 610 [9] |
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3 | First Male Muslim convert: Ali Ibn Abi Talib [1] | 610 [1] |
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4 | First Public Dawah [11] | 613 [3][11][12] |
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5 | First Muslim Martyr/first Muslim to be killed: Sumayyah bint Khabbab | 615 [2][3] |
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6 | First Muslim to be tortured: Bilal ibn Ribah | 615 |
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7 | First migration to another country: Ethiopia | 615[2][3] |
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8 | First Muslim Ambassador and Envoy: Mus`ab ibn `Umair | September 621 [22][23] |
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9 | First Muslim Muezzin: Bilal ibn Ribah [25][26] | 622 [27] |
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10 | First treaty/pledge of war made amongst Muslims: Second pledge at al-Aqabah | 622 [30] |
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11 |
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623 [37] |
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12 | First Muslim to take part in actual fighting in the name of Islam: Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas [40][44] | 623 |
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13 | First peace treaty: Banu Darhma peace treaty | August 623 [46][47] |
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14 |
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January 624[52] |
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15 | First assassination carried out by Muslims: Asma bint Marwan or Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf | January 624 [58] |
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16 | First assassination carried out by Muslims: Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf [62][63] | September 624 [62][63] |
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17 | First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims: Nadr ibn al-Harith and Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt | March 624 [4] |
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18 | First Siege carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa | February 624 [65] |
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19 |
First person to try and assassinate Muhammad: Ghwarath ibn al-Harith during the Invasion of Dhi Amr |
September 624 [78][79] |
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20 | First defensive military campaign: Battle of Uhud [36] | March 625 [83][84] |
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21 | First Muslim missionaries to be killed: Asim ibn Thabit, Khubyab bin Adi and Zayd bin al-Dathinnah during the Expedition of Al Raji | 625 [89] |
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22 | First Massacre of Muslims: Expedition of Bir Maona [96] | July 625 [97] |
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23 | First massacre carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qurayza | February–March 627 [101] |
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24 | First woman captured by Muhammad as war booty: Rayhana [117][118] | March 627 [101] |
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25 | First Muslim treasurer: Bilal ibn Ribah [25] | 630 [121] |
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See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 80, ISBN 0887067077
- 1 2 3 4 5 Buhl, F.; Welch, A. T. (1993). "Muḥammad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 360–376. ISBN 90-04-09419-9.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 185
- 1 2 3 4 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 129
- 1 2 3 Brown (2003), pp. 72–73
- 1 2 3 Sell (1913), p. 29.
- 1 2 3 Sahih Bukhari. "Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3". sahih-bukhari.com.
- 1 2 3 Quran 96:1–5
- 1 2 3 4 Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 111.
- ↑ Watt 1953, p. 86
- 1 2 3 Ramadan (2007), p. 37–9
- 1 2 Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 36.
- ↑ Jonathan E. Brockopp, Slaves and Slavery, Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
- ↑ W. Arafat, Bilal b. Rabah, Encyclopedia of Islam
- ↑ Watt (1964) p. 76.
- ↑ Peters (1999) p. 172.
- ↑ Alfred Guillaume "The Life of Muhammad: A translation of Ishaq's [sic] Sirat Rasul Allah" Oxford 1955 ISBN 0-19-636033-1, 2003 reprint used - page 145
- 1 2 3 4 5 Janneh, Sabarr. Learning from the Life of Prophet Muhammad: Peace and Blessing of God Be upon Him. Milton Keynes: AuthorHouse, 2010. Print. ISBN 1467899666 Pgs. 235-238
- ↑ Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 85, ISBN 0887067077
- ↑ Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 98, ISBN 0887067077
- ↑ Muḥammad, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs et al. Brill Online, 2014
- ↑ UNESCO (2012). Different Aspects of Islamic Culture: Vol.3: The Spread of Islam Throughout the World Volume 3 of Different aspects of Islamic culture. UNESCO, 2012. p. 51-. ISBN 9789231041532. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
- 1 2 Safi ur Rahman Al Mubarakpuri (2002). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtūm. Darussalam, 2002. p. 187,338-. ISBN 9789960899558. Retrieved 7 August 2012. Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore this event happened in 621
- 1 2 Tabari, The History of al-Tabari Vol. 6: Muhammad at Mecca, p. 127, SUNY Press, ISBN 1438423403
- 1 2 3 Syed Razwy, Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ..., p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, ISBN 0940368935
- ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (1993). African People in World History. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780933121775.
- ↑ Clarke, John Henrik (1993). African People in World History. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780933121775. Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622
- ↑ A. Adu Boahen, Alvin M. Josephy, The Horizon history of Africa, Volume 1, p. 151, University of Michigan
- ↑ Tabari, The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions ..., p. 371, SUNY Press, ISBN 1438409982
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The Sealed Nectar, Darussalam Publications, p. 95. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
- ↑ Watt (1974) p. 83
- 1 2 3 Watt, Muhammad in Mecca, p. 138, ISBN 0887067077. Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"
- ↑ Shawqī Abū Khalīl, Atlas Al-sīrah Al-Nabawīyah, p.85, Darussalam (2004), ISBN 9960897710. Quote: "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those at peace with you""
- 1 2 Ibn Hisham, as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah, Vol. I p. 454
- ↑ Antonie Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muḥammad: A Critical Study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn, p. 153,Brill Archive, 1972
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hawarey, Dr. Mosab (2010). The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic). Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789957051648.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
- 1 2 3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version), p. 127.
- 1 2 Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.
- 1 2 Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 217–218, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
- 1 2 3 4 5 Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.
- ↑ Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"
- 1 2 ʻAbd al-Malik Ibn Hishām, The life of Muhammad, Apostle of Allah, p. 95, Folio Society, 1964. Translated by Michael Edwardes. Quote: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder." (archive)
- ↑ Rizwi Faizer, The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi, p. 12, ISBN 1136921141, Routledge, 2013
- 1 2 Gabriel, Richard A. (2008), Muhammad, Islam's first great general, University of Oklahoma Press, p. 73, ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2
- 1 2 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
- ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 4. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)
- ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0887063442,
In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
- ↑ Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
- ↑ Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 217–218, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 244, ISBN 978-9960899558
- ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. (free online)
- 1 2 Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861
- 1 2 Haykal, Husayn (1976), The Life of Muhammad, Islamic Book Trust, pp. 226–227, ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
- 1 2 3 4 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition, p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, ISBN 1861796765. (online)
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 246, ISBN 978-9960899558
- ↑ Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 247, ISBN 978-9960899558 See footnote 1, page 247
- 1 2 William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130
- 1 2 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 35. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
- ↑ Asma bint Marwan, IslamQA.com, 24 July 2006. (archive)
- ↑ Ibn Hisham , Ibn Ishaq, Alfred Guillaume (translator) (1998). The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh. Oxford University Press. pp. 675–676.
- 1 2 3 Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
- 1 2 3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
- 1 2 Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 3) 2nd Edition, p. 412, ISBN 1861797699, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. (online)
- ↑ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
- ↑ Watt (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
- ↑ Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad], transl. Guillaume, p. 363
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in Authors list (help) - ↑ Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 284, ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8
- ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book.
- ↑ Cook, Michael, Muhammad, p. 21.
- ↑ Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd, 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
- ↑ Rodwell, JM, The Koran, Phoenix, p. 342, ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7,
This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
- ↑ Abū Khalīl, Shawqī (2003). Atlas of the Quran. Dar-us-Salam. p. 248. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.(online)
- ↑ Francis E. Peters (1993). A Reader on classical Islam. Princeton University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0691000404.
- ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 32. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
- ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0887063442
- ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 100, ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
- ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. (free online)
- 1 2 Strauch, Sameh (2006), Biography of the Prophet, Darussalam Publications, p. 472, ISBN 978-9960-9803-2-4
- 1 2 3 Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir,By Ibn Sa'd,Volume 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 40. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"
- ↑ Abu Khalil, Shawqi (1 March 2004). Atlas of the Prophet's biography: places, nations, landmarks. Dar-us-Salam. p. 132. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4.
- ↑ William Montgomery Watt (1961), Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman, Oxford University Press, p. 135, ISBN 0198810784,
The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
- ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 105, ISBN 978-0887063442,
Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
- 1 2 3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
- 1 2 Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0195773071.
The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.
(online) - ↑ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1.
The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors.
(online) - ↑ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013
- ↑ Rizwi Faizer, The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab al-Maghazi, p. 174, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 1136921133
- 1 2 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
- ↑ Sa'd, Ibn (1967). Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir. 2. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 66. ASIN B0007JAWMK.
- ↑ Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 205
- ↑ Tabari, Al (2008), The foundation of the community, State University of New York Press, p. 151, ISBN 978-0887063442,
Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
- 1 2 3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
- ↑ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
- 1 2 3 William Muir (2003), The life of Mahomet, Kessinger Publishing, p. 317, ISBN 9780766177413
- ↑ Ibn Ishaq, A. Guillaume (translator) (2005), The Life of Muhammad (Sirat Rasul Allah), Oxford University Press, pp. 461–464, ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
- ↑ Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
- ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
- 1 2 3 Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
- 1 2 3 Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
- ↑ Subhash C. Inamdar (2001), Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity, Psychosocial Press, p. 166 (footnotes), ISBN 1887841288
- ↑ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Islam, section on "Muhammad"
- 1 2 Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
- ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504
- ↑ Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
- ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
- ↑ Ibn Kathir, Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009), Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz'21, MSA Publication Limited, p. 213, ISBN 9781861796110(online)
- ↑ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
- ↑ Al Tabari, Michael Fishbein (translator) (1997), Volume 8, Victory of Islam, State University of New York Press, pp. 35–36, ISBN 9780791431504
- 1 2 Rodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.
- 1 2 Journal of Religion & Society, p. 1, Creighton University. (archive)
- ↑
- Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-19-530880-8.
- ↑ Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 466.
- 1 2 Syed Razwy, Khadija-tul-Kubra (the Wife of the Prophet Muhammed) May Allah be Pleased ..., p. 77, TTQ, INC., 1990, ISBN 0940368935. Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630
- ↑ Michael G. Morony, Manufacturing and Labour, p. 178, Ashgate (2003), ISBN 0860787079. Quote: "(Bilal ibn Rabah, a mawla of Abu Bakr was the Prophet's treasurer); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh, V, 560"
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