Weixian Internment Camp

Weixian Internment Camp

The Weixian Internment Camp (Chinese: 潍县集中营; pinyin: Wéixiàn Jízhōngyíng; Wade–Giles: Wei²hsien⁴ Chi²chung¹ying²) was a Japanese operated Civilian Assembly Center in the former Wei County (Chinese: 潍县; pinyin: Wéixiàn; Wade–Giles: Wei²hsien⁴), located in the present-day city of Weifang, Shandong, China. The compound was a Japanese-run internment camp created during World War II to keep civilians of Allied countries living in Northern China. The camp's population included British, Canadian, American, Australian and other citizens who were forced to stay in the camp for nearly two and a half years until American forces liberated them on August 17, 1945.^[1] Information on Weixian has been learned through papers, diaries, official reports and letters written by internees, family members, and other people affected.

Overview of the War

Japanese occupation of China in 1940

During World War II, the Allies were at war with Japan. The Japanese invaded most of the area from the Aleutian Islands in the far North to the Southern regions of New Guinea, and from Western Burma to the Mid Pacific Ocean.^[2] Japan historically invaded China on July 7, 1937, which began the second Sino-Japanese War.^[3] Overall, the Japanese held approximately 125,000 civilian prisoners or internees. Of those 125,000 civilian internees, 10% were in China and Hong Kong throughout the war.^[2] Many allied civilians, mostly Americans and British, lived in some of the Japanese-occupied areas and were forced to relocate themselves into internment camps. The Japanese called these Internment camps Civilian Assembly Centers. In these camps, death rates were high because of the lack of good sanitation, starvation, and poor treatment. There were the occasional executions and some internees suffered cruelty and torture.

A group of several hundred Americans and Canadians from Japanese-controlled civilian internment camps, including Weixian, was repatriated by civilian exchange with the Japanese to the U.S. in 1943. The categories of civilians included in the lists submitted by the Allies to the Japanese were: people imprisoned by the Japanese; people compelled to miss evacuation in the national interest; experts and technicians; missionaries; wives and families of the above categories, together with other women and children; the aged and infirm. All categories had equal priority. Yenching University professor Mary Gladys Cookingham and others from Weixian were included in the second group of civilian internees to be repatriated; this group also included a number of civilians from Hong Kong. The group of civilians travelled on the Japanese vessel "Taia Maru" to Marmagao (Goa) in Portuguese India, where they were exchanged for a group of Japanese civilians who had traveled to Goa from the U.S.

Upon arrival in Goa in October 1943, the Allied civilians expressed their thankfulness for having escaped the semi-starvation of their internment camps, as well as their anxiety for the health of those left behind in Japanese custody. The US-bound group boarded the chartered Swedish ship MS (Mercy Ship) Gripsholm and departed from Goa on October 22, 1943, and traveled via the Southern Atlantic. They arrived in New York City on December 1, 1943. The information they provided upon arrival gave urgency to negotiations with Japan for further civilian exchange agreements, but in spite of unceasing negotiation, this was the second and last group of Allied civilians to be repatriated from Japanese custody until the liberation of the Philippines in February 1945.

Background and Living Circumstances of Weixian

The Weixian camp was established in an American Presbyterian mission compound named "Courtyard of the Happy Way" (Chinese: 乐道院; pinyin: Lè dào yuàn) in Weixian, Shandong, China between Jinan and Qingdao. The compound consisted of twenty-four acres of attractive landscape. The area was 60 years old and filled with shrubbery and fine old trees.^[4] Towards the end of the war, the Japanese threatened a reprisal if this area was bombed or attacked.

Barbed wire and barrier walls with electrified wires surrounded the camp. There were also guard towers that surrounded the perimeters. Every day, the internees woke up to starvation, guard dogs, prisoner badges and numbers, daily roll calls, bayonet drills, bed bugs, horrible sanitation, and flies.^[1]

The Shandong Climate

The climate was at times a major problem for the internees. It was nice in the spring and fall. The summer heat began in May and became extremely hot in August. There was also a rainy season that began in August, which included substantial rains. These rains, though, sometimes hurt the environment and the architecture. Occasionally, roads were flooded and walls collapsed. The architecture at this time in China did not fulfill requirements for dreadful rains so sometimes leaking occurred in the buildings. The winters in this area were dry and cold towards December, January, and February and there was little in the way of heating the cramped quarters. The weather started to warm up in March and the summer heat was usually humid.

Daily Activities

Relief depicting the story of the internment camp

In order to survive, the internees knew that they all had to work together. They created kitchens and a hospital, started a library, and educated their children without desks, chairs, or a classroom and with few books. Since the internment camp was in squalid conditions, people from all walks of life came together to peel potatoes, stoke the ovens, clean the latrines, and perform other repetitive and boring tasks. All of these tasks were necessary for survival, though. Latrines had to be cleaned to keep the sanitation at a good level and some internees had to peel potatoes to make dinner for hundreds of people at a time. Sometimes, the Japanese even had the internees dig graves for the dead or living. In these cases, the dead were never recorded.^[5]

The Hospital

By the time the Japanese herded the allied civilians to the camp, the former hospital had been gutted and looted, and supplies had been taken. At first, the internees knew that they needed to create a hospital as their main advantage for survival. They knew that a critical part of survival was to adapt a medical center for the sick and incapacitated. Medics and volunteers set up a laboratory and hospital in just a few days using broken medical equipment. This possibly saved the lives of hundreds of internees. At one point, the doctors in the internment camp sent a list of drugs they needed to the Japanese. The doctors received only a few drugs. Later on, the Swiss got a hold of this list and brought the drugs and some food into the hospital.^[4] If internees got badly injured or terribly sick, they could be sent to an outside hospital that was very difficult to get to and expensive.

Housing

Building of the former Le Dao Yuan mission compound

At Weixian, there were more housing units than most other Japanese internment camps. Weixian housed approximately eighteen hundred people at a time and each person was allowed to have around forty-five square feet of space. Women and men were separated on different sides of the buildings; women on one side and men on the other. The internees were placed in the basements of rooms of the hospital, school buildings, and previous Chinese dormitories. The dormitories were set up like normal dormitories, having long rows of rooms that usually held a two to four people each. The rooms were approximately nine by twelve feet and were crammed. In the course of finding suitable housing, some internees were placed into classrooms for their sleeping needs. When placed in the classrooms, the number of people could range from around ten to thirty people.^[4] These classrooms had no privacy and were extremely overcrowded. Some people had to sleep on the floors. Some lucky people were able to bring cots to sleep on.^[4] Others slept on tables, chairs, and the occasional bed. These living situations made it hard to keep warm in the winters and when the summers came, it became too hot for normal comfort.

Facilities

Yard of the former internment camp

There were twenty-three toilets for eighteen hundred people and the lines became extremely long in the morning.^[4] The toilets never flushed since there was a limited water supply. Empty cans were used to flush the toilets because the cesspools were always clogged. The Japanese supplied no toilet paper, causing contamination, disease, and a bad stench.

There were barely any full-sized bathrooms. There were four bathing areas that had a scarce source of water. Most of the internees used buckets to wash themselves and to keep themselves clean. One shower for the men and one shower for the women were open, each with many shower heads. Also, there was a limited amount of water in the showers. Because of this, women were allowed to shower only three times a week, though men were allowed to shower daily.^[4] For laundry, there were basins and pails in the hospital basement and some other buildings.

Food and Dining Areas

There were three dining areas that had kitchens. At first, there were twelve refrigerators, but they were eventually taken by the Japanese for their personal use.^[4] Internees were sent meat from an army slaughterhouse; it was brought through the compound by train. This meat was unrefrigerated and many times kept uncovered. The only equipment left over or given to the internees was two large frying pans, two copper pots, some tin pails, a dozen knives and a couple of bowls.^[4] Most of the other remaining kitchen equipment was items that the internees were allowed to bring with them into the camp.

"Black Market"

Chinese farmers who lived outside the compound risked their lives to smuggle food over the walls to the prisoners. The Chinese farmers also smuggled news and messages into the camp for the internees to know what was going on outside the camp. At one point, Chinese Nationalist Party guerrillas even helped two internee men, Arthur Hummel, Jr., and Laurence Tipton, escape from the camp. These escapees lived with the guerrillas until the end of the war.

American Liberation

Weixian liberation monument

On August 17, 1945, two days after the official Japanese surrender to the Allies, a small rescue team parachuted from an American B24 Bomber. The team included six Americans (Major Stanley Staiger, Ensign Jimmy Moore, Lt. Jim Hannon, Ramond Hanchulak, Sgt. Peter Orlich, Sgt. Tad Nagaki) and one Chinese interpreter (Wang Chengnan).^[1] The mission, named "Operation Duck," successfully liberated 1,400 Allied civilian prisoners.

Notable Internees

• Reginald Bazire, Anglican Priest and Missionary
• Langdon Brown Gilkey, American Protestant Ecumenical theologian
• Watson McMillan Hayes, helped to set up Shandong College/Shandong University
• Arthur W. Hummel, Jr., later American Ambassador to China (1981–85)
• Eric Liddell, Scottish athlete, Olympic gold and bronze-medal winner (1924), rugby union international player, and missionary. Died at the compound 21 February 1945(1945-02-21) (aged 43). The film The Last Race depicts Liddell's time at the camp, with Joseph Fiennes as Eric Liddell.^[6]
• Lope "Papa" Sarreal, Sr., The "Grand Old Man of Philippine Boxing"^[7][8]
• Paul Thompson, British Sinologist
• Mary C. Wright and Arthur F. Wright, historians of China; Professors at Yale University; Mary was the first tenured woman professor in the School of Arts and Sciences at Yale University
• E. T. C. Werner, British Consul and Sinologist
• Walter Wiley Davis, Educator/Yenching Geology faculty/Methodist Missionary
• Alice F. Moore, Principal, Peking American School
• Joseph Cotterill, Priest
• Alfred Jennings, Missionary (CIM)
• May Palmer Jennings, Missionary (CIM)
• Jessie Jennings, Missionary (CIM)
• Mary Previte, American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly, where she represented the 6th legislative district from 1998 to 2006.
• Michael Boycott, Secretary of the Hong Kong Jockey Club and amateur jockey

Notes

External links

• Documents, paintings, sketches, and memories of survivors of Weixian
• BBC Radio 4 Program on survivors of the Weixian Internment Camp
• This American Life. Episode 559: Captain's Log Jun 26, 2015

Further reading

• Gilkey, Langdon (1966). Shantung Compound: The Story of Men and Women Under Pressure. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-063113-9. 
• David, Michell (1997). A Boy's War. OMF Books. ISBN 978-9971972714. 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weihsien Internment Camp.