Kleinmann's tortoise

Kleinmann's tortoise
Specimen Kleinmann's tortoise
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Testudinidae
Genus:	Testudo
Species:	T. kleinmanni
Binomial name
Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883
Range map of the Egyptian tortoise; red color indicates remaining range, and black indicates extinct range
Synonyms[1]
Testudo leithii Günther, 1869 Peltastes leithii — Gray, 1870 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883 Medaestia leithi [sic] Wussow, 1916 (ex errore) Testudo leithi — M.A. Smith, 1931 Pseudotestudo kleinmanni — Adler, 1958 Psuedotestudo kleinmanni — Highfield & Martin, 1989 Testudo kleinmanii [sic] Gerlach, 2001 (ex errore) Testudo werneri Perälä, 2001

Kleinmann's tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni ), often called the Egyptian tortoise and occasionally Leith's tortoise, is a critically endangered species of neck-hiding tortoise. Once more widespread, its numbers are now dwindling. The species is nearly extinct in Egypt, and complete extinction in the wild is a looming threat unless more actions are taken to protect this species.

Etymology

The specific name, kleinmanni, is in honor of Edouard Kleinmann, a French stockbroker who collected the holotype in 1875.^[2]

Description

Belly of the Egyptian tortoise

Kleinmann's tortoise is the smallest tortoise in the Northern Hemisphere.^[3] Female tortoises are larger than the males; males are more slender and have a longer tail.

Their shells have high domes, and range in color from ivory to pale gold to dark brown to pink or dull yellow. This colouring strongly follows Gloger's rule, as it helps to regulate the impact of sunlight. This allows the paler tortoise to stay in the desert heat for longer. It is also an effective camouflage in the desert. The bottom of the shell is light yellow, often with two dark triangles on each abdominal scute. The tortoise's scutes have dark sidings that fade with age.

The head and limbs are a very pale ivory-yellow to yellowish-brown colour.

Systematics

The proposed subgenus Pseudotestudo is invald, based on immature characters.^[4] It has been proposed to unite this species with the marginated tortoise in the genus Chersus. These clearly share a common ancestor with the spur-thighed tortoise (Greek tortoise). The former two are somewhat more similar to each other than to the Greek Tortoise regarding DNA sequence data.^[5] Considering biogeography, however, this is either due to (rather unlikely) dispersal across the Mediterranean, or the supposed "clade" is invalid and the similarity due to convergent evolution.

The Negev subpopulation has been separated as a distinct species, "Negev tortoise" (Testudo werneri). It does not appear to have distinct or strongly reduced haplotype diversity, consistent with the recent extinction of the Egyptian population (see below) and slow DNA sequence evolution rates in Testudo.^[6] It constitutes a locally adapted form, however, and is of distinct appearance. Arguably, it can be considered a subspecies and, as gene flow has ceased, the western and eastern populations must now be managed separately for conservation purposes.^[7]

• 
  Characteristic specimens of the Egyptian tortoise (left) and Negev tortoise (right), dorsal view
• 
  Ventral view: Differences are slight and unreliable (see above)

Habitat and Ecology

Kleinmann's tortoises live in deserts and semiarid habitats, usually with compact sand and gravel plains, scattered rocks, shallow, sandy wadis, dry woodlands, shrubby areas, and coastal salt marsh habitats. In captivity, they eat grasses, fruits, and vegetables, but the diets of wild tortoises are unknown.

They are least active when the weather is very cold or very hot. During the colder months, they are out most during midday. During the warm season, they are active in the mornings and evenings. The rest of the day is spent under bushes or in rodent burrows.

Reproduction

Kleinmann's tortoises become sexually mature when about 5 years old. In the wild, mating has only been observed in March, but in captivity, they mate in April and August to November. During courtship, the male will ram the female, sometimes chasing after her. Unlike any other Mediterranean tortoise, T. kleinmanni may make a mating call similar to the call of the mourning dove. Eggs are laid in shallow bowls beneath bushes, or in vacant burrows. Each clutch contains one to five eggs, which hatch in the summer or early autumn.

Status and conservation

Once found in Egypt and Libya, their habitat in Egypt has been all but destroyed, and Egyptian tortoises are close to complete extinction there. Two populations can still be found in Libya, but much of the coastline habitat has been destroyed because of human activity. Habitat loss and the illegal pet trade are huge issues facing the species; it is also hunted locally for use in folk medicine.^[8] Their population is still on the decline, and the risk of extinction in the wild is very real if habitat degradation and illegal trade continue at their present rate.

On the IUCN Redlist, Kleinmann's tortoise is classified as CR A2abcd+3d. Less than three Testudo generations ago, an estimated 55-56,000 adult Kleinmann's tortoises existed. Today, about 7,500 remain, and decline due to habitat destruction and unsustainable exploitation appears to be ongoing. While the former threat is believed to be alleviated, illegal pet trade is feared to have reduced the population to maybe 1,000 adult tortoises in the two or three remaining subpopulations. Given that T. kleinmanni is a slow-maturing, long-lived species with few offspring (see K-strategist), This is well possibly less than the minimum viable population, eventually dooming the species to extinction in the wild.^[4]

Mixing individuals from the subpopulations for reintroduction purposes should be avoided, as the ecological parameters of habitat differ.^[9] DNA fingerprinting of individuals to help maintain heterozygosity in captive and reintroduction populations can be performed during routine stool analyses. In this context, notably, there may be a haplotype uniquely found in the Egyptian tortoise.^[10]

Captive breeding requires more care than in other Testudo species, as the species is more delicate and the clutch is very small, but is not highly difficult for experienced Testudo breeders. T. kleinmanni is not generally available for hobbyists and even if legal to keep, should be avoided without valid documentation. Smuggling continues to be a problem, but confiscated individuals are used to establish a captive safeguard population.

On May 21, 2007, Rome's main zoo, Bioparco, reported it has successfully bred the species from parents rescued from a smuggler's suitcase in 2005.^[11] It is also kept and bred at several other zoos in Europe and North America.

• 
  Intercepted shipment of Libyan tortoises for the illegal pet market, port of Genoa, 2005
• 
  Libyan tortoises now in Bioparco: Smuggling conditions are typically worse.
• 
  Libyan tortoises
• 
  Libyan tortoises, carapace fractured during smuggling

References

• Perälä, Jarmo (2001): A New Species of Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Middle East, with Implications for Conservation. Journal of Herpetology 35(4): 567-582.doi:10.2307/1565894 (HTML abstract & first page image)
• Perälä, Jarmo (2003). "Testudo marginata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 12 May 2006.  Listed as Critically Endangered (CR A2abcd+3d v3.1)
• da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira; Washington Luiz & Gomes Santana, Gindomar (2008): Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(8): 2037–2049.doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0 (HTML abstract, PDF first page)
• Široký, Pavel & Fritz, Uwe (2007): Is Testudo werneri a distinct species? Biologia 62(2): 228-231.doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0036-1
• van der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ballasina, Donato L. Ph.; Dekker, John T.; Maas, Jolanda; Willemsen, Ronald E. & Goudsmit, Jaap (2002): Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22(2): 174–183.doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052 PMID 11820839 (HTML abstract)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Testudo kleinmanni.

• ARKive species information
• Bristol Zoo species information
• Rome zoo breeds rare Egyptian tortoises

Tortoise family of turtles (Testudinidae)
Genus	Species of the tortoise family
Aldabrachelys	Aldabra giant tortoise
Astrochelys	Angonoka tortoise Radiated tortoise
Chelonoidis	Yellow-footed tortoise Chaco tortoise Galápagos tortoise Red-footed tortoise
Chersina	Angulate tortoise
Centrochelys	African spurred tortoise
Cylindraspis†	Domed Mauritius giant tortoise† Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise† Réunion giant tortoise† Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise† Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise†
Geochelone	Burmese star tortoise Indian star tortoise
Gopherus	Bolson tortoise Desert tortoise Gopher tortoise Sonoran Desert tortoise Texas tortoise
Homopus	Common padloper Nama padloper Karoo padloper Greater padloper Speckled padloper
Indotestudo	Elongated tortoise Forsten's tortoise Travancore tortoise
Kinixys	Bell's hinge-back tortoise Forest hinge-back tortoise Home's hinge-back tortoise Lobatse hinge-back tortoise Natal hinge-back tortoise Speke's hinge-back tortoise
Malacochersus	Pancake tortoise
Manouria	Asian forest tortoise Impressed tortoise
Psammobates	Geometric tortoise Serrated tortoise Tent tortoise
Pyxis	Flat-backed spider tortoise Spider tortoise
Stigmochelys	Leopard tortoise
Testudo	Hermann's tortoise Kleinmann's tortoise Marginated tortoise Russian tortoise Spur-thighed tortoise
Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update: annotated checklist. Key: †=extinct.