Tadmur

This article is about the modern city near the ruins of ancient Palmyra. For the ancient city of Palmyra, also called "Tadmur" in Arabic, see Palmyra. For the planet, see Gamma Cephei Ab.
Tadmur
تدمر

The modern town of Tadmur
Tadmur
Coordinates: 34°33′36″N 38°16′2″E / 34.56000°N 38.26722°E / 34.56000; 38.26722
Country  Syria
Governorate Homs
District Tadmur
Subdistrict Tadmur
Elevation 405 m (1,329 ft)
Population (2015 census)[1]
 • Total 30,085
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Area code(s) 31

Tadmur (Arabic: تدمر‎‎; also spelled Tadmor and Tudmur; in English known as Palmyra) is a city in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is located in an oasis in the middle of the Syrian Desert 215 kilometres (134 mi) northeast of Damascus[2] and 180 kilometres (110 miles) southwest of the Euphrates River. The ruins of ancient Palmyra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are situated about 500 metres (1⁄3 mile) southwest of the modern city centre.[3] Relatively isolated, the nearest localities include Arak to the east, Al-Sukhnah further to the northeast, Tiyas to the west and al-Qaryatayn to the southwest.

Tadmur is the administrative centre of the Tadmur District and the Tadmur Subdistrict. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the city had a population of 51,323 and the subdistrict a population of 55,062 in the 2004 census.[1] Tadmur's inhabitants were recorded to be Sunni Muslims in 1838.[4] During the Syrian Civil War, the city's population significantly increased due to the influx of internally displaced refugees from other parts of the country.[5]

Name

Both the ancient and modern cities are commonly known as Palmyra in English and other European languages. In Arabic, both cities are known as Tadmur. "Tadmur" is the Semitic and earliest attested native name of the city; it appeared in the first half of the second millennium BC.[6] The etymology of "Tadmur" is vague; Albert Schultens considered it to be derived from the Semitic word for dates ("Tamar"),[note 1][8] in reference to the palm trees that surround the city.[note 2][9] The name "Palmyra" appeared during the early first century AD,[6] in the works of Pliny the Elder,[10] and was used throughout the Greco-Roman world.[8] The general view holds that "Palmyra" is derived from "Tadmur" either as an alteration, which was supported by Schultens,[note 3][8] or as a translation using the Greek word for palm ("palame", παλάμη),[note 4][9] which is supported by Jean Starcky.[6]

Michael Patrick O'Connor argued for a Hurrian origin of both "Palmyra" and "Tadmur",[6] citing the incapability of explaining the alterations to the theorized roots of both names, which are represented in the adding of a -d- to "Tamar" and a -ra- to "palame".[9] According to this theory, "Tadmur" is derived from the Hurrian word "tad", meaning "to love", + a typical Hurrian mid vowel rising (mVr) formant "mar".[12] "Palmyra" is derived from the word "pal", meaning "to know", + the same mVr formant "mar".[12] According to the 13th century Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, Tadmur was the name of the daughter of one of Noah's distant descendants and that she was buried in the city.[13]

History

Bedouin Chief of Palmyra, Holy Land (i.e., Tadmur, Syria), between 1890 and 1900
Main article: Palmyra

In 1929, Henri Arnold Seyrig, the general director of antiquities in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, started excavating the ruins of Palmyra and convinced the villagers to relocate into the newly built village, adjacent to the ancient site.[14] The relocation was completed in 1932,[15] making the ancient city of Palmyra ready for excavations,[14] while the residents settled in the new village of the same name.[16]

On 13 May 2015, the militant organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) launched an attack on the modern town, raising fears that the iconoclastic group would destroy the historic city.[17] On 18 May ISIL captured the city,[18] with their forces entering the area of the World Heritage Site several days later.[19]

In May 2015 ISIL destroyed the tomb of Mohammed bin Ali, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's cousin Ali, and a site revered by Shia Muslims, and sometime between then and 23 June destroyed the tomb of Nizar Abu Bahaaeddine, a Sufi scholar who lived in Palmyra in the 16th century. Abu Bahaaeddine's tomb was situated in an oasis about 500 metres (1,600 ft; 550 yd) from Palmyra's main ancient ruins. Mohammed bin Ali's tomb was located in a mountainous region 5 kilometres (3 mi) north of Palmyra. Ten days prior to the tombs' destruction, ISIL destroyed a number of tombstones at a local cemetery for Palmyra's residents. ISIL is also reported to have placed explosives around Palmyra.[20][21][22]

In March 2016 a large-scale offensive by the SAA (supported by Hezbollah and Russian airstrikes) initially regained the areas south and west of the city. After capturing the orchards and the area north of the city, the assault on the city began. In the early morning hours of the 27th of March 2016, the Syrian military forces regained full control over the city.[23][24][25][26]

Economy

Tadmur is the modern settlement of the ancient city of Palmyra, which developed adjacently to the north of the ancient ruins.[27] The modern city is built along a grid pattern. Quwatli Street is the main road and runs east-west, starting from the Saahat al-Ra'is Square on the western edge of the town.[3] The city served as a base for tourists visiting the ruins.[27] It has a museum in the southwestern part of the city.[3] Syria holds an annual cultural festival in Tadmur celebrating the city's ancient heritage.[28] The Palmyra Airport is located in Tadmur. The city is also home to the Tadmur Prison, which has historically held numerous opponents of the various Syrian governments.[5]

Tadmur also serves as a center for Syria's phosphate mining and natural gas industries.[27] The first phosphate mine run by the government was established near Tadmur and started production in 1971.[29] Work to connect Tadmur's phosphate mines to the port of Tartus began in 1978.[30] In 1986 Soviet surveyors discovered large iron ore deposits in the vicinity of Tadmur.[31]

Climate

Climate data for Palmyra
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8)		 14.7
(58.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 25.2
(77.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 35.4
(95.7)		 38.1
(100.6)		 37.9
(100.2)		 34.4
(93.9)		 28.3
(82.9)		 19.9
(67.8)		 13.5
(56.3)		 25.8
(78.4)
Average low °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)		 3.8
(38.8)		 6.9
(44.4)		 11.5
(52.7)		 15.9
(60.6)		 19.8
(67.6)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.6
(70.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 14.3
(57.7)		 7.7
(45.9)		 3.5
(38.3)		 12.3
(54.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 20.8
(0.819)		 18.4
(0.724)		 21.2
(0.835)		 18.3
(0.72)		 8.2
(0.323)		 0.4
(0.016)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0.3
(0.012)		 8.8
(0.346)		 16.1
(0.634)		 20.2
(0.795)		 132.7
(5.224)
Average precipitation days 7 10 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 3 5 7 44
Source: World Meteorological Organization

Notes

  1. ↑ The Semitic word T.M.R is the common root for the words that designate palm dates in Arabic, Hebrew, Ge'ez and other Semitic languages.[7]
  2. ↑ The Hebrew Bible mentions "Tadmur" as a city built by Solomon, Schultens' argued that it is written "Tamor", and in the margin "Tadmur".[8] Schultens considered "Tamor" to be derived from "Tamar",[8] however, the inclusion of a -d- in "Tamar" cannot be explained.[9]
  3. ↑ According to Schultens, the Romans altered the name from "Tadmur" to "Talmura", and afterward to "Palmura" (from the Latin word "palma", meaning palm),[6] in reference to the palm trees. Then the name reached its final form "Palmyra".[11]
  4. ↑ The name could be a translation of "Tadmor" (assuming that it meant palm), and derived from the Greek word (Palame).[9]

References

  1. 1 2 General Census of Population and Housing 2004. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Homs Governorate. (Arabic)
  2. ↑ Syria uncovers 'largest church' BBC News Online, 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  3. 1 2 3 Carter, p. 205.
  4. ↑ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Second appendix, B, p. 174
  5. 1 2 Barnard, Anne; Saad, Hwaida (2015-05-20). "ISIS Fighters Seize Control of Syrian City of Palmyra, and Ancient Ruins". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. p. 238.
  7. ↑ A. Murtonen (1989). Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting: A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions, Deel 1. p. 445.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Richard Stephen Charnock (1859). Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. p. 200.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. p. 235.
  10. ↑ Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. p. 248.
  11. ↑ Richard Stephen Charnock (1859). Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names. p. 201.
  12. 1 2 Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. p. 236.
  13. ↑ Le Strange, 1890, p. 541
  14. 1 2 Diana Darke (2010). Syria. p. 257.
  15. ↑ Richard Stoneman (1994). Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. p. 12.
  16. ↑ H. T. Bakker (1987). Iconography of Religions. p. 4.
  17. ↑ "Palmyra: Will ISIS bulldoze ancient Syrian city?". CNN. 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  18. ↑ "Islamic State fighters capture Iraqi town, purges opponents in Syria's Palmyra". Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  19. ↑ "Islamic State seizes Syria's ancient Palmyra". BBC News. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  20. ↑ "Islamic State fighters blow up two burial sites at Palmyra". Retrieved 2015-07-04.
  21. ↑ Romey, Kristin; 02, National Geographic PUBLISHED July. "ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
  22. ↑ "ISIL blows up ancient shrines near Syria's Palmyra". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2015-07-04.
  23. ↑ "Syrian army retakes ancient city of Palmyra". Telegraph.co.uk. 27 March 2016.
  24. ↑ jack. "IS pulls back into Tadmur outskirts". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.
  25. ↑ jack. "Regime forces takes control on Tadmur prison and military airport". Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.
  26. ↑ https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-armed-forces-liberate-palmyra-2/
  27. 1 2 3 Knowles, 2006.
  28. ↑ Cavendish, p. 439.
  29. ↑ Federal Research Division, p. 169.
  30. ↑ Federal Research Division, p. 194.
  31. ↑ Federal Research Division, p. 170.

Bibliography

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