Struve family

The Struve family (pronounced [ˈʃtʁuvə] in German, [ˈstruvɪ] in Russian) were a dynasty of five generations of astronomers from the 18th to 20th centuries. Members of the family were also prominent in chemistry, government and diplomacy.

Origins

Jacob Struve

The first branch of the family that produced five generations of astronomers originated in Altona, then part of both Denmark and Germany [1] The first scientist member of the family was mathematician Jacob Struve (1755–1841); his forebears included Johann Struve (1700–1778) and Abel Struve (1719–1762). In 1783, Jacob Struve married Maria Emerentia Wiese (1764–1847). Their children were:[2]

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

In the beginning of the 19th century, Jacob Struve sent his sons to Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) in the Russian Empire to avoid conscription in the Napoleonic armies. His fourth son, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm, taught at the University of Dorpat from 1813 and full professor and director of Dorpat Observatory from 1820. Ennobled by Tsar Nicholas I, at whose request he supervised construction of Pulkovo Observatory, he served as director of the new observatory from 1839 to 1862.[2][3]

Heinrich Struve

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm married Emilie Wall (1796–1834) in 1815. They had 12 children, including the following:

Following the death of his first wife, he married Johanna Henrietta Francisca Barthels (1807–1867). They had six children, including Karl von Struve (1835–1907), diplomat.[2]

Jacob Struve's cousin, Anton Sebastian von Struve, was President of the German Eternal Imperial Diet at Regensburg and later a Russian Imperial Provy Councillor. He and his wife, née Johanne Dorothea Werner, were the parents of:[2]

Otto Wilhelm von Struve line (3rd Gen)

Otto Wilhelm von Struve

Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) was director of Pulkovo Observatory from 1862 to 1889; he moved to Germany in 1889.[5] He married 1) Emilie Dyrssen (1823–1868); 2) Emma Jankowsky (1839–1902). The children from his two marriages were:

Karl Hermann Struve had a son, Georg Otto Hermann Struve (1886–1933), who was also an astronomer. Georg Otto Hermann had two sons, Wilfried Struve (1914–1992) and Rheinhard Struve (1919–1943).[2]

Gustav Ludiwig Struve (1858–1920) and his wife, Elizaveta, had a son Otto Struve (1897–1963), who became a prominent astronomer in the United States following fighting in World War I and for White Russians in the Russian Revolution. His other son, Warner was an officer for the White Russians but died from tuberculosis. His daughter, the youngest, drowned in the same period. Gustav had to leave Russia and went with his surviving son Otto Struve into exile in Turkey, where he died in 1920 at age 62.[2]

Otto Struve (1897–1963) then got job in the United States through his Uncle Hermann Struve, who lived and worked at Berlin-Babelsberg Observatory. After moving to the United States, Otto Struve married Mary Martha Lanning in 1925, but there were no children.[8][9][10]

Berngard Vasilyevich Struve line (3rd gen)

Peter Berngardovich Struve

Berngard Vasilyevich Struve (1827–1889) was a government official in Siberia before serving in turn as governor of Perm and Astrakhan. He was the father of:

Vasily Berngardovich Struve married Borisa Alexandrovna Turaeva (1868–1920). They were the parents of:

Peter Berngardovich Struve emigrated to France following the Russian Revolution. He was the father of:

Aleksey Petrovich Struve married Ekaterina Andreevna Katuar. Their children were:

Karl von Struve line (3rd gen)

Karl von Struve (1835–1907) was Russian minister to Japan, the United States (1882–1892) and the Netherlands (1892–1904). In line with German practice, he was entitled to use the title of Baron von Struve while abroad, though this was denied him while resident in Germany or Russia. The American press generally rendered his title as Baron de Struve.[11][12]

He and his wife, Maria Nikolaevna Annenkova (1844–1889) were the parents of:

Owing to ill health, his wife Maria returned to Russia in 1885, dying at Kielmarky, near St. Petersburg in 1889.[13]

Other lines

Gustav von Struve

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve's cousin, Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve, son of diplomat Anton Sebastian von Struve. "After finishing his studies and several extensive journeyings (sic), Anton started his career as private secretary to Count Schonberg, Minister in Dresden. In 1755 he entered the services of the Duke of Holstein-Gottrop, who later as Peter III became emperor of Russia, and thus became a Russian subject, along with his 2 brothers who were also induced to accompany Peter to Russia. One of these was the celebrated astronomer, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, and the third, the scientist. Anton Sebastian, after several diplomatic missions in Russian services, ended as Resident Minister at the German Reichstag at Regensburg. He died April 7, 1802. Hi biography is to be found in Schlichtegroll's "Nekrolog der Deutschen für das 19th. Jahrhundert". He had 12 children, but only five sons and four daughters attained maturity. Of these, only the eldest (Gustav von Struve, Sept. 26,1763 - 1828), and the youngest (Henry, 1772-1851), and Phillipine (She married President von Grün), the youngest daughter, had issue." (incorrect - see below) [14]] (1729—1802), became a diplomat in the Russian service primarily in Regensburg, Bavaria.]] Johann Christoph and his wife, née Sibilla Christiana Friedrike von Hochstetter, were the parents of 11 children, among them: "*Elise (1795-18440) unmarried

Another line was represented by Henry G. Struve (1836–1905), a native of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg who emigrated to the United States in 1852. An attorney, he was elected mayor of Seattle, Washington, in 1882 and 1883. Struve and his wife, the former Lascelle Knighton, were the parents of:

His younger son, Frederick Karl Struve, was elected president of the Seattle National Bank in 1914.[17][18]

Family traditions

Jacob Struve once expressed his attitude to life in his letter to Friedrich, which characterizes the family spirit[2]

A teneris adsuescere multum est. Wir Struve können nicht ohne anhaltende Arbeit vergnügt leben, weil wir von frühester Jugend an uns überzeugt haben, daß sie die nützlichste und beste Würze des Menschenlebens ist. (We, Struve, can not live happily without continuous work, because from the young age we learn that it is the most useful and best virtue of human life.)

During the astronomical observations, members of the Struve family wore the beobachtungskäppchen or "cap for observation", which was made for the husband by his bride. The cap was handmade from red velvet and had golden threads embedded around it. The number of threads corresponded to the generation, so Friedrich Georg Wilhelm had one and Georg Hermann four.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Altona was chartered in 1664 as a free port in the Duchy of Holstein which, while a German state, was in personal union with the Danish crown until 1864, and a Danish royal mint was located there. After an interim administration in 1864–66, it passed to Prussia in 1866 and was incorporated into the city-state of Hamburg in 1937." see William D. Craig, Coins of the World 1750-1850, 3rd edition, pp. 91, 92, 162, 214. Racine, Wisconsin: Western Publishing Company, Inc., 1976.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 V. K. Abalkin et al. Struve dynasty (in Russian), St. Petersburg University
  3. ↑ David Abbott (gen. ed.), The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, [Vol.:] Astronomers, p. 149. New York: Peter Bedrick Books, 1984.
  4. ↑ In such compound German names, the name closest the surname was commonly used. Thus, Johann Christoph Gustav von Struve was known as Gustav von Struve, and Johann Georg von Struve was known as Georg von Struve.
  5. ↑ Abbott, p. 151.
  6. ↑ Abbott, p. 150.
  7. ↑ Abbott, pp. 149–150.
  8. ↑ Who Was Who in America, Vol. IV, p. 915. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Inc., 1968.
  9. ↑ Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 7, pp. 726–727. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1981.
  10. ↑ Abbott, pp. 150-151.
  11. ↑ "Titles at the Capital. Comparatively Few Foreign Diplomats Have Any", The New York Times, September 14, 1890.
  12. ↑ "The Russian Embassy", The New York Times, June 18, 1899.
  13. ↑ "Death of Mme. de Struve", The New York Times, August 14, 1889.
  14. 1 2 The Struve Family Records - abridged by Marie Antoinette Eugenie von Struve (married Turney). For Antoinette Mary Smith nie Turney. March 1938
  15. ↑ Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XVIII, pp. 158–159. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.
  16. ↑ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume 1607–1896, p. 585. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Inc., 1967.
  17. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 247–248. New York: James T. White & Company, 1909. Reprint of 1901 edition.
  18. ↑ Henry Hunt and F.C. Kaylor, Washington, West of the Cascades, Vol. II, pp. 245–249. Seattle: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1917.
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