St. Luke's Church (Smithfield, Virginia)

Historic St. Luke's Church (Smithfield, Virginia, USA)
Location Isle of Wight County, Virginia
Nearest city Smithfield, Virginia
Coordinates 36°56′26″N 76°35′8″W / 36.94056°N 76.58556°W / 36.94056; -76.58556Coordinates: 36°56′26″N 76°35′8″W / 36.94056°N 76.58556°W / 36.94056; -76.58556
Area 5 acres (2.0 ha)
Built 1682
Architect Unknown
Architectural style Single Room Vernacular Brick Church of Artisan Mannerism Style.
NRHP Reference # 66000838[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP October 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHL October 9, 1960[2]

Historic St. Luke's Church, originally known as the Old Brick Church, or Newport Parish Church, is an historic church building, historic site, and museum, located in the unincorporated community of Benns Church, near Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. Historic St. Luke's is the oldest church in Virginia and oldest church in British North America of brick construction. According to local tradition the structure was built in 1632, but other evidence points to a date of 1682; see Dating controversy.

On October 15, 1966, St. Luke's was designated a National Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historic and architectural distinction. In 1957 President Dwight D. Eisenhower designated the Site a National Shrine in concert with the 350th Anniversary of Jamestown.

Since 1954 Historic St. Luke's Restoration, Inc., doing business as Historic St. Luke's Church, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that maintains, preserves, promotes, and interprets the 17th-century, 100-acre historic site. HSLR, Inc. does not receive any federal, state, or municipal funding. All sourcing comes from private corporations, foundations and individuals.

Architecture

Engraving published 1885

Historic St Luke's Church in Smithfield, Virginia, USA is Virginia's Oldest Church. Once known as "Old Brick Church", Historic St. Luke's is typified by College of William & Mary professor and Colonial Williamsburg Foundation architectural historian Carl Lounsbury as an Artisan Mannerism style of structure blending many influences into a builder rather than an architect-focused structure. Other examples of such architecture include Bacon's Castle in nearby Surry County, Virginia and exhibit Cavalier or Royalist sensibilities. St. Peter's Church in New Kent, Virginia is a later, less ornate style reflecting the Glorious Revolution of Dutch-English monarchs William & Mary.

The plan is that of a single room (29 ft 4 3⁄4 in or 8.96 m × 65 ft 7 3⁄4 in or 20.01 m) with a twenty-foot-square (1.9 m2) tower at the west end. The walls are laid in a rough Flemish bond. The buttresses with sloping set-offs project prominently from three bays of the north and south walls. At both the east and west end of the church are crow-stepped gables, while unadorned turrets, corbelled slightly at their bases, decorate the corners of the building.

The artisan mannerism style of the building combines several architectural styles without attribution to a specific architect or stylistic movement. This form of provincial American architecture is more builder-driven and designed than architect.

The original windows were replaced in the 19th century. Those Victorian windows remain in place today. The stained glass windows above the altar were produced in Germany. The current doors were added in the 1950s.

Architectural details

Detail of gables and elliptical window
Great window in the east end
Tower, quoins and windows
Interior view of window showing Victorian glass
First vestry door on the south wall
Western entrance – wicket door
Rafter footings

Parish affiliation

Newport Parish dates from the formation of Warrosquyoake plantation. The details of parish and political entities are as follows:

Architecture

The architecture of Newport Parish Church is a combination of the 17th century room church[4] embellished with Gothic features. Unlike the English Gothic church characterized by separate wings containing the nave, aisles and chancel, the room church reduces these divided spaces into a single rectangular space.[5] All Virginia vernacular churches employ this room structure. In the case of Newport Parish, a simplified form of a rood screen, as in several extant English room churches, separates the nave from the chancel.[6] In fact, in this edifice, the oldest Anglican church in the state, the essential features of the room church are all in place. They are:

Gothic features are principally in embellishments to the structure rather than major structural details:

Brickwork

The church itself is 60 1⁄2 feet (18.4 m) east-west and 24 1⁄4 feet (7.4 m) north-south in the clear.[9]

The church is laid in Flemish bond in water tables, walls, and tower. The tower is an integral part of the structure unlike that of the Jamestown Church tower whose unfinished mortar joints on its east wall indicate that it was erected after the main church building and the clearly documented, added tower at St. Peter's Church, New Kent County. Unlike any other standing Virginia colonial church, there are two water tables each nine bricks high. The transitions from the water tables are accomplished using beveled bricks. There are no glazed headers in the walls that are 36 inches (910 mm) wide at the foundations, 26 inches (660 mm) thick in the walls, and 30 inches (760 mm) thick in the tower.[10]

Three buttresses with three ramps each support the north and south sides of the church, separating the walls into three bays and a chancel, each of which contains a Y-tracery window. The bevels of the buttresses follow the water table in height, each being nine bricks tall.[10] The church is singular among standing churches in having buttresses: the only other documented buttresses are at the Jamestown Church of 1639 to 1647 and the second Bruton Parish Church of 1680.[11]

The walls continue for 38 courses above the water tables. Obvious repairs are present throughout the building due to a storm that collapsed the walls in 1887 and include:

Two thousand bricks from the Jamestown Church of 1639- 1647 were included in repairs during the 1890s.[10]

Roof

The present roof, replaced in the 1950s[12] is constructed internally of massive tie-beams and a plastered ceiling, though the original was most likely a principal rafter roof similar to that of the third Bruton Parish Church.[13] The roof beams are decorated with chamfer and lamb's tongue moldings. The present slate shingles are, of course, not the original roofing material which most likely was cedar shingles or clapboards painted or covered with tar.[14]

The ends of the east gable consist of a corbelled turret on the outside corners with eight crow steps rising to the middle. The crow steps on the west wall are truncated by the presence of the tower and so have only 1½ steps. Other colonial structures with gables are few and include Bacon's Castle(1665) the second Bruton Parish Church, (1680s),[15] and St. Peter's Church, New Kent County (1701) all of which are characterized by Flemish curved gables instead of crow step gables. All of the cornices are modern replacements.[16]

Tower

The tower, the only one known to be an original feature of a colonial church in Virginia,[17] stands to the west of the main church building and is 18 feet (5.5 m) east-west and 20 feet (6.1 m) north-south at the outside ground level. It is 60 feet (18 m) tall and consists of three stories. The corners of the first two stories of the three-story tower are embellished by rusticated brick quoins of a row of two horizontally raised bricks divided by a projecting row of thin bricks with a vertical V in the center. The third story, presumably added some time after the rest of the tower,[18] is surmounted by a slate shingled, hipped roof with a modern weather vane at the crest. The southern and northern faces of the tower bear a single window on each story. From bottom to top they are: 1) an open oval ellipse three feet horizontally and two feet vertically; 2) a Y-tracery window matching the principal windows; and 3) a compass widow with a brick arch and louvers. The west façade is identical except that the lower story contains a round bricked arch with a simple, whitewashed tympanum above it.[19] The bottom of the tower is open and serves as a porch.[18]

Windows

The windows of Historic St. Luke's Church are unique among colonial windows and the major element that gives the edifice an artisan mannerism character. The east window is a "great lancet consisting of two tiers of four circular-headed windows." The two bottom courses consist of rows of four round-headed windows above which are a row of gothic arched windows, three diamond-shaped windows, and a pair of elongated, horizontal triangles as spandrels.[20] Each of the east windows as well as the Y-tracery windows in the rest of the church are separated by modillions of molded, rubbed brick consisting of an ovolo (convex) and fillet (flat) shapes and an ovolo sill.[20] There is a small, elliptical window above the great window. The presence of a great window is indicated in a few other, early churches in Virginia, namely St. Peter's, New Kent County (1701) and Upper and Lower Middlesex Country churches (1714 and 1717).[21] Later churches without exception had chancel windows matching the principal windows on the north and south walls.

There are eight lancet windows on the north and south edifices and three on the tower (second story south, west, and north faces) similar in general construction to the great window. They each consist of a pair of steeply arched windows with a single, smaller spandrel window completing the arch and separated with rubbed brick in the form of ovolo and fillet moldings. The sills are also of identical ovolo molded bricks.[20]

The present Tiffany-style, stained glass windows, despite local tradition to the contrary,[22] do not replicate the original material that was diamond-paned, leaded glass. No Virginia colonial church had stained glass windows.[20]

Doorways

The church displays the first recorded instance of the use of a main west entrance and a south entry placed in the extreme southeast corner of the church. Both doors are recent replacements, and the exact form of the western door is unknown.

The principal entrance is through the tower archway by way of a large, semi-circular arch that is decorated by rubbed brick and am impost three bricks high at the lower end of the arch. The arch itself consists of voussoirs with plastered over, white bricks forming the interior of the arch. Above the arch is a primitive, triangular tympanum the lower line of which extends beyond the raked borders. It is embellished by a fascia on the outer course with a fillet and ovolo on the inner course. It was alternately decorated with white cement, a marble tablet, and now a wash of mortar.[23]

The western inner entrance is now a wicket door patterned after that of Yeocomico Church although it is unpainted.[23] Previously, there were two central opening, compass-headed doors at the outer entrance of the porch arch.[24] The southern entrance is a square-headed, battened door with decorative, molded bricks in the shape of an ovolo surrounding it. The images from the Library of Congress site are worth study, for they show in the late 1950s a compass headed door at this entrance that is evidenced by brick repairs above the doorway.[24]

Interior

The only written record of the interior is from 1746 in which the wives of justices and vestrymen were assigned a box pew in the northern corner of the chancel and young women of the parish were assigned their former pews. There is one original baluster (the second from the left end on the altar rail).[25] The rood screen is based on footings discovered in the 1950s while the sounding board, that is 17th-century in origin, was found in 1894 in a barn at Macclesfield, a nearby plantation. The single baluster and sounding board are the only original interior appointments.[26]

The original interior appointments were long ago destroyed and the present is a restoration from the 1950s. It consists of a square pew of each side of the altar, two box pews west of the chancel screen, and seventeen slip pews in the nave.[27]

The pulpit is a reconstruction three-decker of 1950s origin; Rawlings postulates that a two-decker pulpit originally was built due to the lack of space for a clerk's desk.[27]

The main aisle is T-shaped and paved with square bricks whose pattern is derived from the original floor. Under the pews are wooden, reproduction floors. At the west end of the church is a gallery that originally had oak balusters and was restored during the 1950s[27] The interior of the tower shows a portion of original plaster under a piece of glass, and it is covered with "mortar wash on the walls and exposed beams".[23] Portions of the wooden interior sills of the second-story tower windows may be original.[23]

Much of the interior (such as the rood screen, the kneeling rail, and a medieval-style bench east of the rood screen) are suppositions based the error prone 1950s restoration.[23][28] The interior also contains a reproduction wooden baptismal font, various items of furniture, and various ecclesiastical furnishings of period 17th-century origin, though not original to the church itself.[29]

Summary

Historic St. Luke's Church is Virginia's Oldest Church. Its construction demonstrates the progression from the crude, wooden churches of the early 17th century to more permanent brick structures leading to the simple room churches characteristic of the Virginia vernacular church in its full development, such as in Ware Church (1710–1715),[30] a rectangular church with an unadorned exterior and elaborate triangular and semi-circular pediments. Like Yeocomico Church, such features as the bell tower, enclosed west porch, elaborate quoins, and Y-tracery windows belong to a formative period of church building whose features were soon to pass. The present restoration, according to architectural historians, leaves much to be desired in its fanciful and poorly documented elements:

Cemetery

Burials in the church cemetery include those of Virginia Lieutenant Governor Allie Edward Stakes Stephens and his wife; the couple were active in the movement to preserve the church.[33] Also interred in the cemetery is Archibald Atkinson, who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 to 1849.[34]

Dating controversy

Newport Parish Church: north-east view
Newport Parish Chancel: note reproduction of rood screen.
Newport Parish Church: west doorway

The dating of this church with Gothic elements is a matter of disagreement between local traditions and academic researchers. Some local sources had insisted that the church can be dated to 1632 until recent dendrochronology dated the building to 1682 [35]

The basic argument that the current brick church (rather than an earlier building on the same site) was built in 1632 had been:

Other evidence calls into doubt the accuracy of these assertions:

General historical data militate against the establishment of such an elaborate edifice in 1632 and generally agree with a date in the 1680s:

It is unlikely that one of these stylistically related buildings predates the others so significantly.

Mason, Rawlings, and Upton all agree that 1632 is far too early a date for this edifice:

Current operations

Since 1954 Historic St. Luke's Church has been administered by Historic St. Luke's Restoration, Inc., doing business as Historic St. Luke's Church. HSLR, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization which receives no federal, state, or municipal funding. All charitable support comes from private corporations, foundations, and individuals.

The 100-acre historic site and museum provide guided tours for individuals and groups seven days per week between February and December – only closed in January. Visitors receive 45-minute guided tours beginning from the origins of the Anglican church through its restorations. The Site interprets the diverse American narrative of spirituality, community, and freedom at Virginia's Oldest Church.

The Site is also available for private rentals including weddings, funerals, baptisms, and other special events. An independent board of directors administers ultimate oversight of annual operations, budgets, and fund raising projects.

Current condition

Since the most recent restoration project of 2012, Historic St. Luke's is structurally well-preserved for years to come. Daily maintenance of the buildings and property remains a challenge.

As of April 2015 a major project is underway – the Historic St. Luke's Grounds Restoration Project (Phase 1). This $500,000 capital project is designed to restore the ponds, bridge, roadway, approaches, and landscaping and will provide responsible grounds management and access for decades to come. Phase 2 of this project is presently being explored.

See also

Resources

References

  1. 1 2 National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  2. ↑ "Historic St. Luke's Church (Smithfield)". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  3. ↑ Rawlings 31
  4. ↑ The Church architecture article in Wikipedia mentions the room church and the auditory church. (See also the article in Wikipedia on Rood screens)
  5. ↑ Upton 58: a relatively deep rectangular (in Wren's churches) or shallower rectangular room in rural English and Virginia churches.
  6. ↑ Upton 56–57
  7. ↑ Upton 59
  8. ↑ Rawlings 3–4
  9. ↑ Rawlings 31: in the clear refers to measurements made inside the walls; church contracts often specified this measurement.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Rawlings 32
  11. ↑ Upton 60: Upton asserts that this church was actually constructed after 1676.
  12. ↑ Upton 42
  13. ↑ Upton 242: see pp. 44 for diagrams of church roof structures in Virginia: If Upton is correct, the current footings of the beams and other roof underpinnings are not accurate representations.
  14. ↑ Upton 103
  15. ↑ See Upton p 39 for the image of this church
  16. ↑ Upton 61–62
  17. ↑ Upton 61
  18. 1 2 Rawlings 32–33
  19. ↑ Rawlings 34: In the 15th Century English Reformation, previously decorated features of churches such as rood screens were whitewashed as were elaborate tympanums.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Rawlings 33
  21. ↑ Rawlings Table of Contents
  22. ↑ Meade 300
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 Rawlings 34
  24. 1 2 Library of Congress Materials on St. Luke's.
  25. ↑ Upton 242: He asserts that the baluster and the reproductions are placed upside down throughout the building.
  26. ↑ Rawlings 34–35
  27. 1 2 3 Rawlings 35
  28. ↑ Also see Upton 242 note 13
  29. ↑ Rawlings 35–36
  30. ↑ Rawlings 58
  31. ↑ Upton 242
  32. ↑ Rawlings 37
  33. ↑ A.E.S. Stephens at Find a Grave
  34. ↑ Archibald Atkinson at Find a Grave
  35. 1 2 The James River Institute for Archaeology, Inc. http://www.jriarchaeology.com/pages/currentproj.htm
  36. ↑ Meade I p. 299.)
  37. ↑ Mason p. 193.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Rawlings p. 8.
  39. ↑ Meade p. 193.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Upton p. 60.
  41. ↑ Meade p. 206ff.
  42. ↑ Mason p. 194f.
  43. ↑ Upton pp. 63–65.
  44. ↑ Upton p. 62
  45. ↑ Dates from Rawlings Table of Contents; Upton pp. 61–62.
  46. ↑ Mason p. 196.
  47. ↑ Rawlings p. 31.
  48. ↑ Upton pp. 64–65.

External links

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