Upapandavas

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the Upapandavas(उपपाण्डव, lit. junior Pandavas), also known as Pandavaputras(पाण्डवपुत्र, lit. sons of Pandavas) or Panchakumaras(पञ्चकुमार, lit. five sons) are the five sons born to Draupadi from each of the five Pandavas. They are Prativindhya, Shatanika, Sutasoma, Shrutasena and Shrutakarma.[1][2] They fought the battle on the side of the Pandavas, but not much is said in the Mahabharata about the brothers except for fleeting mentions during the battle. However all five of them were killed by Ashwathama on the night of the last day of the war.

Prativindhya

Prativindhya(प्रतिविन्ध्य, lit. towards hunter or towards Vindhya) or Shrutavindhya (श्रुतविन्ध्य, lit. related to the Buddhi[3]) was born to Yudhishthira and Draupadi and was the eldest of the Upapandavas. Presumably, he was the crown prince. He was left in Ekachakrapura when he was a baby and later token-battled his uncle Arjuna during Yudhishthira's Rajasuya campaign.

Some folklore holds him as the Avatar of Chitraratha Gandharva.

During the infamous game of dice, his mother Draupadi asked that he and his brothers be never referred to as the children of slaves; his bloodright was hence restored.

In the Puranas, there is some mention of his son, Yaudheya. However, in the Mahabharata, Yaudheya was referred to as a son of Yudhishthira through Devika.

Some Indians believe that Yaudheya founded the Yaudheya dynasty. That tribe's coins from 1st century AD reveals they believed they were descended from Yudhishthira just as the Malavas were thought to be Bhima's descendants and Arjunayanas were thought to be Arjuna's descendants.

In the Indonesian Mahabharata, Prativindhya's son Kalimshada succeeds Dhritarashtra as King of Hastinapur and marries a princess from Kuntibhoja's family. His sister's son Vajra inherits Indraprastha; in this story, Parikshit's line is based at Kosambi where we encounter them at dawn of Buddhist period. It is not clear whether Prativindhya or Kalimshada are the king in this version.

During the Kurukshetra war, he would be more than twenty-four years old(extrapolating from his age during the Rajasuya incident).

Shatanika

Shatanika(शतानीक, lit. he who has hundred troops) was born to Nakula and Draupadi. He was second of the Upapandavas. He was named after a famous Rajarshi in the Kuru lineage who had that name and he was considered to be an avatar of Visvadevas. He being the second oldest of the Upapandavas in the Kurukshetra War is also nominated as a deputy commander-in-chief of forces under Dhrishtadyumna, in charge of Vyuha planning.[4] He killed the Kaurava king / ally Bhutakarma.[5]

Sutasoma

Sutasoma(सुतसोम, lit one who has extracted soma or manifestation of the mind[6]) was son of Bhima and Draupadi, third of the Upapandavas. He played a major role in the battle by nearly killing Shakuni. He played a major role along with Yudhishthira and other Upapandavas in holding off Arjuna and Bhima on the 15th day.[7] He was favoured by Arjuna, who gave him a bow and horses for his chariot.

In some Jataka tales, a Sutasoma, prince of the Kurus gets into a moral argument with the man Kalmashapada and helps him change his ways and regain his unspecified kingdom. Kalmashpada occurs frequently in stories of Panchala and Kosala and other kingdoms and stands for a corrupt cruel and adharmic king.

Like Prativindhya, some consider him the ancestor of the Malavas whose samvagari coins mention the Upapandavas founding Yaudheyas, Malavas and Arjunayanas, the three samvagari tribes.

Shrutasena

Shrutasena(श्रुतसेन, lit. he who has a famous army) was born to Sahadeva and Draupadi and the fourth of the Upapandavas. In the Chatahurdi analysis of the Mahabharata, he was defeated by Shakuni during the battle; he killed Shala, the younger brother of Bhurishravas.[8]

Shrutakarma

Shrutakarma(n)[9](श्रुतकर्मा, lit. he whose deeds are famous) or Shrutakirti(श्रुतकीर्ति, lit. he whose fame is heard about) was the son born to Arjuna and Draupadi,[10] the youngest of the Upapandavas, he was born definitely after the Arjuna's return from adventures and would be very young at time of battle. His horses were supposed to bear the colour of kingfishers.[11] He fought against Dushasana and Ashwathama in the battle.

Ruth C. Katz notes that both Shrutakirti and Shrutakarman appear as different characters.[12]

Death

Ashwatthama propitiates Shiva before making a night attack on the Pandava camp

On the last night of the war after Duryodhana's death and Kaurava defeat, a Ashwathama gathered the only other surviving Kaurava warriors - Kritavarma and Kripacharya attacked the Pandava camp on the 18th night of the Kurukshetra war. He killed Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, and many other prominent warriors of Pandava army while they were sleeping.

Ashwatthama killed all the five Upapandavas during their sleep. In some versions of the story, he believes them to be the five Pandava brothers; in others, he purposefully attacks the Pandavas' heirs in order to hurt the Pandavas emotionally.

Many feel that this may be poetic allusion added later to explain the accession of Parikshit to throne. For example, the Pandavas have many children who are explicitly stated to be alive, yet it is Abhimanyu's line that inherits Hastinapur. Also, Karna was revealed to be Yudhishthira's older brother; the question arises why his son Vrishakethu, who was explicitly said to have not fought in the war, does not inherit the throne. Some versions say that Vrishakethu was given the kingdom of Anga, where Karna ruled.

In the Jataka tales version of the Mahabhartha, Parikshit's mentors included both Sutasoma. Prativindhya, Shrutakarma and Shatanika at least(who even in Sauptika Parva is shown as wounded not dead) have definite longer lives in Jatakas. In this version it is implied that Ashwathama killed other children, like:

This is typical of Nine sons(& 18 grandsons) of Bhima by Rohini's daughters (who are mentioned fleetingly in Puranas but appear as major players in folk Mahabharatas and Meo stories). Other sons and grandsons of Bhima are major players in foreign Mahabharatas and other folk stories. Draupadi's other sons(some born during exile and others after the war) appear in Vanniyar legends as founding fathers and in Karnataka Agni-vansha and Ghanta Pujari's legends.

Citations

  1. ↑ Menon, [translated by] Ramesh (2006). The Mahabharata : a modern rendering. New York: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 9780595401888.
  2. ↑ translated; Buitenen, edited by J.A.B. van (1981). The Mahābhārata (Phoenix ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226846644. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  3. ↑ N.V., Thadani. The Mystery of the Mahabharata: Vol.4.
  4. ↑ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic dictionary of Purāṇas (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176252263.
  5. ↑ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic dictionary of Purāṇas (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176252263.
  6. ↑ N.V., Thadani. The Mystery of the Mahabharata: Vol.4.
  7. ↑ The Mahabharata. ISBN 9781451015799.
  8. ↑ Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2001). Encyclopaedic dictionary of Purāṇas (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. ISBN 9788176252263.
  9. ↑ Roshen Dalal (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184752779.
  10. ↑ John Dececco, Devdutt Pattanaik (2014). The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore. Routledge. ISBN 9781317766308.
  11. ↑ . ISBN 9781451018264. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ Ruth C. Katz (1989). Arjuna in the "Mahabharata": Where Krishna Is, There Is Victory. University of South Carolina Press. p. 68.
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