Shivananda

For the founder of the Divine Life Society, see Sivananda Saraswati.
Swami Shivananda

Shivananda
Born Tarak Nath Ghosal
1854 (1854)
Barasat, Bengal, British India
Died 20 February 1934(1934-02-20) (aged 79–80)
Order Ramakrishna Mission
Guru Ramakrishna
Philosophy Vedanta
Notable disciple(s) Swami Rudrananda..

Swami Shivananda (1854–1934), born Tarak Nath Ghosal, was a Hindu spiritual leader and a direct disciple of Ramakrishna, who became the second president of the Ramakrishna Mission. His devotees refer to him as Mahapurush Maharaj (Great Soul). Shivananda and Subodhananda were the only direct disciples of Ramakrishna to be filmed. He was a Brahmajnani ("knower of Brahman or the Supreme Being").[1] Shivananda introduced the celebration of the birthdays of his brother-monks. He was known to have laid the foundation stone of Shri Ramakrishna Temple at Belur Math, which was designed by Swami Vijnanananda.

Early life

Shivananda was born in the village of Barasat in Bengal. His father was Ramakanai Ghoshal, a pious Brahmin who had a substantial income as a lawyer. He was a follower of Tantra in his personal life. He and his first wife Vamasundari Devi, the mother of Tarak, provided free boarding and lodging to twenty five to thirty poor students.[2] Ramkanai also knew Ramakrishna personally, as he used to visit Dakshineswar on matters of business.

After completing his school studies, Tarak took up a job with Mackinnon Mackenzie in Calcutta to help his father.

Ramakrishna's influence

Group photo taken on 30 January 1887 In Baranagar Math, Kolkata.
Standing: (l–r) ) Swami Shivananda, Swami Ramakrishnananda, Swami Vivekananda, Randhuni, Debendranath Majumdar, Mahendranath Gupta (Shri M), Swami Trigunatitananda, H.Mustafi
Sitting: (l–r) Swami Niranjanananda, Swami Saradananda, Hutko Gopal, Swami Abhedananda

Tarak saw Ramakrishna for the first time at the house of Ramchandra Dutta in May 1880. A few days later he went to Dakshineswar to visit Kali Temple; from then he began to practise intense prayer and meditation under Ramakrishna's guidance. He later wrote "I have not yet come to a final understanding whether he [Ramakrishna] was a man or a superman, a god or the God Himself, but I have known him to be a man of complete self-effacement, master of the highest renunciation, possessed of supreme wisdom, and the supreme incarnation of love."[2]

Marriage

Tarak married in 1881–82. His father could not afford a dowry for the marriage of his sister as was usual; Tarak therefore agreed to marry a daughter of the prospective bridegroom's family. Three years later his wife died and Tarak started living sometimes in a devotee's house and sometimes in lonely places, till the Baranagar Math was started.[3]

Renunciation

Tarak continued to visit Dakshineswar till Ramakrishna fell ill and was brought, first to the Shyampukur house and then later to the Cossipore Garden House. In Cossipore, Tarak joined with others including Narendranath Dutta, later known as Swami Vivekananda, to serve Ramakrishna.

After the death of Ramakrishna in 1886, the small group of direct disciples who decided to embrace monastic life gathered round in a dilapidated house in Baranagar; Tarak was one of the first to settle there. Thus began the Baranagar monastery of the Ramakrishna Math.

Life of a Sannyasin (ascetic)

As a wandering monk

During his itinerant period, Shivananda travelled throughout northern India. He went to Almora, where he was acquainted with a local rich man, Lala Badrilal Shah, an admirer of Ramakrishna's disciples. During the latter part of 1893, Tarak also met E.T. Sturdy, an Englishman interested in theosophy, who later became an admirer and follower of Vivekananda after he met him in England.[2] He was inclined towards leading a contemplative life and went to the Himalayas several times. He also went to Amarnath in 1909 with Swami Turiyananda.

Establishment of Ramakrishna Math and Mission

Tarak's itinerant life came to an end when Vivekananda returned to India in 1897. He went to Madras to receive Vivekananda, and came back with him to Calcutta. Vivekananda sent Shivananda to Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, to spread Vedanta there. There he held classes on Gita and the Raja Yoga. He returned to the newly established Ramakrishna Math or monastery in Belur in 1898. In 1899 a plague broke out in Calcutta and Shivananda, upon request from Vivekananda, helped in organising relief efforts. In 1900 he travelled with Vivekananda to Mayavati. There is a dormitory named, in his honour, Shivananda Dham in Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar.

Advaita Ashrama, Benaras

In 1902, just before Vivekananda's death, he went to Varanasi to start the Advaita Ashrama using the donation by Raja of Bhinga to Vivekananda. There he remained as head for seven years. Money was short, and they lived austerely.[2] About this time he translated Vivekananda's Chicago lectures into local Hindi. He continued to look after the affairs of the Ashrama till 1909.

Office-bearer of Ramakrishna Mission

In 1910 he was elected Vice-President of Ramakrishna Mission. Shivananda was also one of the original trustees of Belur Math. In 1917 when Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda) fell ill and died, his duties of managing the affairs of the Math and Mission fell on Shivananda. In 1922, after the death of Swami Brahmananda, he became the second President of Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Like Brahmananda, he stressed meditation along with his daily work. He went to Dhaka and Mymensingh in what became East Bengal, and initiated many spiritual seekers.[3] In 1924 and 1927 he went on two long tours to South, and established the Ramakrishna Math in Ootakamund and then later in Bombay and Nagpur. In 1925 he went to Deoghar and opened a new building for the local chapter of Ramakrishna Mission.

The title of Mahapurush

Tarak was married in his teens but, with the consent of his young wife, he lived an absolutely chaste life.[3]

After the foundation of Belur Math he came to be known as 'Mahapurush Maharaj'.[4]

Last years

From 1930 onwards Shivananda's health broke down rapidly. In April 1933 he suffered a stroke and developed paralysis of one side. On 20 February 1934, a few days after Ramakrishna's birthday, Shivananda died. The small room adjacent to the Old Shrine at Belur Math became known as the 'Room of Shivananda'.[3]

Character and legacy

Work

Under the presidency of Shivananda, Ramakrishna Mission slowly expanded in various other locations. He himself established centres in Ootacamund, Nagpur and Bombay. Centres were also opened in various foreign locations. In 1915 he established a Ramakrishna mission centre in Almora. After the death of Brahmananda he initiated many people.

Quotes

Character

Swami Shivananda himself washed the clothes of a new inmate to his monastery in Benaras when the latter, being ill soiled them. He started a free nursery school for the poor children in Benaras.[5] After the death of Swami Brahmananda, Swami Shivananda refused to proclaim himself president of Ramakrishna Mission as he considered himself as merely a representative of Swami Brahmananda.[2] He was in favour of disciplines in monastic life and he himself practised them rigorously till he was physically unable to do.

References

  1. ↑ "M, The Apostle and Evangelist", by Swami Nityatmananda, Volume XV, Chapters 5, 10 and 11, publisher Sri Ma Trust, Chandigarh
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna. Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati. 1943. p. 291.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Swami Shivananda". Ramakrishna Math and Ramakriskna Mission. Belur Math. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  4. ↑ http://belurmath.org/shivananda.htm
  5. 1 2 Mahapurush Maharaj:Swami Shivananda, by Swami Atmajnanananda, Prabuddha Bharat, January 2009, pages 68–73
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