Shapsug Adyghe dialect

Shapsug Adyghe dialect
Native to	Republic of Adygea, Turkey, Israel Kfar Kama, Jordan
Language family	Northwest Caucasian Circassian Adyghe Shapsug Adyghe dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`shap1240`^[1]

The Shapsug dialect (Adyghe: Шапсыгъабзэ; Kabardian: Шапсыгъэбзэ) is a dialect of Adyghe.^[2] The Shapsug dialect is spoken by the Shapsugs, which are one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea, alongside Abzakhs. The Shapsug dialect is very similar to the Natukhai dialect and together, they make the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect consists of three main sub dialects: Great Shapsug (North Shapsug), Small Shapsug (South Shapsug) and Hakuchi. The Shapsug dialect is best known as the dialect with palatalized velar stops.

Subdialects

The black sea coast Adyghe dialects family tree.

The Black Sea coast dialects
- Natukhai dialect (Adyghe: Нэтӏхъуаджэбзэ)
- Shapsug dialect (Adyghe: Шапсыгъабзэ)
  - North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (Шапсыгъэ шху).
    - Kfar Kama dialect (Кфар Камэм ишапсыгъэбзэ): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel.
  - South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (Шапсыгъэ-цӏыкӏу) dialect.
- Hakuchi dialect (ХьакӀуцубзэ, Къaрaцхaибзэ)

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar			Post-alveolar		Alveolo- palatal	Retroflex	Velar			Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Labial	plain	lab.	lat.	plain	lab.	Alveolo- palatal	Retroflex	plain	lab.	pal.	plain	lab.	Pharyngeal	plain	lab.
Plosive	voiceless	p	t								kʷ	kʲ	q	qʷ		ʔ	ʔʷ
	voiced	b	d								ɡʷ	ɡʲ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tʷʼ							kʷʼ	kʲʼ
Affricate	voiceless		t͡s			t͡ʃ	t͡ʃʷ
	voiced		d͡z			d͡ʒ
	ejective		t͡sʼ			t͡ʃʼ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ɬ	ʃ	ʃʷ	ɕ	ʂ	x			χ	χʷ	ħ
	voiced		z			ʒ	ʒʷ	ʑ	ʐ	ɣ			ʁ	ʁʷ
	ejective		sʼ		ɬʼ	ʃʼ	ʃʷʼ
Nasal		m	n
Approximant					ɬ			j			w
Trill			r

Palatalized velar stops

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there is a palatalized voiced velar stop [ɡʲ] ⟨гь⟩, a palatalized voiceless velar stop [kʲ] ⟨кь⟩ and a palatalized velar ejective [kʲʼ] ⟨кӏь⟩ that were merged with дж [d͡ʒ], ч [t͡ʃ] and кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] in most Adyghe dialects.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] Note that the Shapsug dialect also has ч [t͡ʃ], дж [d͡ʒ] and кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] in words like чэмы "cow", джэмышх "spoon" and кӏалэ "boy".

Shapsug гь [ɡʲ] became дж [d͡ʒ] in other dialects:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
shirt	гьанэ	ɡʲaːna	джанэ	dʒaːna	джанэ	dʒaːna
pants	гъошэгь	ʁʷaʃaɡʲ	гъончэдж	ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ	гъуэншэдж	ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
now	гьы	ɡʲə	джы	dʒə	джы	dʒə
fur coat	гьэдыгу	ɡʲadəɡʷ	джэдыгу	dʒadəɡʷ	джэдыгу	dʒadəɡʷ
to study to read	егьэн	jaɡʲan	еджэн	jadʒan	еджэн	jadʒan
game	гьэгу	ɡʲagʷ	джэгу	d͡ʒagʷ	джэгу	d͡ʒagʷ
bitter	дыгьы	dəɡʲə	дыджы	dəd͡ʒə	дыдж	dəd͡ʒ
sick	сымагьэ	səmaːɡʲa	сымаджэ	səmaːd͡ʒa	сымаджэ	səmaːd͡ʒa
bold	шъхьэгьашъо	ʂħaɡʲaːʃʷa	шъхьэджашъо	ʂħad͡ʒaːʃʷa
evil	бзагьэ	bzaːɡʲa	бзаджэ	bzaːd͡ʒa	бзаджэ	bzaːd͡ʒa
valley	къолагьэ	qʷalaːɡʲa	къоладжэ	qʷalaːd͡ʒa	къуэладжэ	qʷalaːd͡ʒa
that's it	гьары	ɡʲaːrə	джары	d͡ʒaːrə	джары	d͡ʒaːrə
noon	щэгьагъо	ɕaɡʲaːʁʷa	щэджагъо	ɕad͡ʒaːʁʷa	шэджагъуэ	ʃad͡ʒaːʁʷa
infidel	гьаур	ɡʲaːwər	джаур	d͡ʒaːwər	джаур	d͡ʒaːwər
to stand up	тэгьын	taɡʲən	тэджын	tad͡ʒən	тэджын	tad͡ʒən
dance	угь	wəɡʲ	удж	wəd͡ʒ	удж	wəd͡ʒ

Shapsug кь [kʲ] became ч [t͡ʃ] in other dialects:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
sword	кьатэ	kʲaːta	чатэ	t͡ʃaːta
throat	кьый	kʲəj	чый	t͡ʃəj	чий	t͡ʃəj
chicken	кьэт	kʲat	чэты	t͡ʃatə	джэд	d͡ʒad
chick	кьэтжъые	kʲatʐəja	чэтыжъые	t͡ʃatəʐəja	джэджьей	d͡ʒadʑej
cat	кьэтыу	kʲatəw	чэтыу	t͡ʃatəw	джэдыу	d͡ʒadəw
glass	апкь	ʔaːpkʲ	апч	ʔaːpt͡ʃ	абдж	ʔaːbd͡ʒ
brushwood	кьы	kʲə	чы	t͡ʃə	чы	t͡ʃə
shop	тукьан	təkʲaːn	тучан	tət͡ʃaːn	тучан	tət͡ʃaːn
goatling	кьэцӏы	kʲat͡sʼə	чэцӏы	t͡ʃat͡sʼə
gate	кьэупчъ	kʲawəpt͡ɕ	чэупчъ	t͡ʃawəpt͡ʂ	чоубжэ	t͡ʃawbdʒa
cheerful	кьэфы	kʲafə	чэфы	t͡ʃafə	джэху	d͡ʒaxʷ
hovel	кьыл	kʲəl	чыл	t͡ʃəɮ	чыл	t͡ʃəɮ
humming top	кьынэ	kʲəna	чынэ	t͡ʃəna	чын	t͡ʃən
spleen	кьэ	kʲa	чэ	t͡ʃa	чэ	t͡ʃa
to spin	гъэкьэрэзын	ʁakʲarazən	гъэчэрэзын	ʁat͡ʃrazən	гъэджэрэзын	ʁad͡ʒarazən

Shapsug кӏь [kʲʼ] became кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
tail	кӏьэ	kʲʼa	кӏэ	t͡ʃʼa	кӏэ	t͡ʃʼa
egg	кӏьакӏьэ	kʲʼaːkʲʼa	кӏэнкӏэ	t͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼa	джэдыкӏэ	d͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
skirt	кӏьэпхын	kʲʼapxən	кӏэпхын	t͡ʃʼapxən	кӏэпхын	t͡ʃʼapxən
Temirgoy	кӏьэмгуе	kʲʼamɡʷəja	кӏэмгуе	t͡ʃʼamɡʷəja	кӏэмгуе	t͡ʃʼamɡʷəja
smithy	кӏьыщ	kʲʼəɕ	кӏыщ	t͡ʃʼəɕ	кӏыщ	t͡ʃʼəɕ
ceiling	кӏьашъо	kʲʼaːʃʷa	кӏашъо	t͡ʃʼaːʃʷa	кӏафэ	t͡ʃʼaːfa
rope	кӏьапсэ	kʲʼaːpsa	кӏапсэ	t͡ʃʼaːpsa	кӏапсэ	t͡ʃʼaːpsa
gun	кӏьэрахъо	kʲʼaraːχʷa	кӏэрахъо	t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa	кӏэрахъуэ	t͡ʃʼaraːχʷa
long	кӏьэхьы	kʲʼaħə	кӏыхьэ	t͡ʃʼəħa	кӏыхь	t͡ʃʼəħ
short	кӏьако	kʲʼaːkʷa	кӏако	t͡ʃʼaːkʷa
to kill	укӏьын	wkʲʼən	укӏын	wt͡ʃʼən	укӏын	wt͡ʃʼən
to move away	ӏукӏьын	ʔʷəkʲʼən	ӏукӏын	ʔʷət͡ʃʼən	ӏукӏын	ʔʷət͡ʃʼən
key	ӏукӏьыбзэ	ʔʷəkʲʼəbza	ӏункӏыбзэ	ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbza	ӏункӏыбз	ʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbz
day after tomorrow	нэущымыщкӏь	nawɕəməʃkʲʼ	неущымыкӏ	najwɕəmət͡ʃʼ
to wink	енэкӏьэон	janakʲʼawan	енэкӏэон	janat͡ʃʼawan	енэкӏэуэн	janat͡ʃʼawan
beard	жакӏьэ	ʒaːkʲʼa	жакӏэ	ʒaːt͡ʃʼa	жьакӏэ	ʑaːt͡ʃʼa
poor	тхьэмыщкӏь	tħaməɕkʲʼ	тхьамыкӏ	tħaːmət͡ʃʼ	тхьэмыщкӏэ	tħaməɕt͡ʃʼa
to be ashamed	укӏьытэн	wəkʲʼətan	укӏытэн	wət͡ʃʼətan	укӏытэн	wət͡ʃʼətan

Retroflex affricates

The retroflex affricate consonants чъ [ʈʂ] and чӏ [ʈʂʼ] (that exist in Chemguy and Bzhedug dialects) merged with the palato-alveolar affricate consonants ч [t͡ʃ] and кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] in the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects.^[7]

Chemguy чъ [ʈʂ] became ч [t͡ʃ] in Shapsug :

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
tree	чыг	t͡ʃəɣ	чъыгы	ʈʂəɣə	жыг	ʒəɣ
to sleep	чыен	t͡ʃəjan	чъыен	ʈʂəjan	жыен	ʒəjan
cold	чыӏэ	t͡ʃəʔa	чъыӏэ	ʈʂəʔa	щӏыӏэ	ɕʼəʔa
to run	чэн	t͡ʃan	чъэн	ʈʂan	жэн	ʒan
to run down	ечэхын	jat͡ʃaxən	ечъэхын	jaʈʂaxən	ежэхын	jaʒaxən
goat	ачэ	aːt͡ʃa	ачъэ	aːʈʂa	ажэ	aːʒa
number	пчагъэ	pt͡ʃaːʁa	пчъагъэ	pʈʂaːʁa	бжагъэ	bʒaːʁa
door	пчэ	pt͡ʃa	пчъэ	pʈʂa	бжэ	bʒa
door handle	пчэпсы	pt͡ʃapsə	пчъэпсы	pʈʂapsə	бжэпсы	bʒapsə

Chemguy чӏ [ʈʂʼ] became кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] in Shapsug :

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
stands under	кӏэт	t͡ʃʼat	чӏэт	ʈʂʼat	щӏэт	ɕʼat
sits under	кӏэс	t͡ʃʼas	чӏэс	ʈʂʼas	щӏэс	ɕʼas
lies under	кӏэлъ	t͡ʃʼaɬ	чӏэлъ	ʈʂʼaɬ	щӏэлъ	ɕʼaɬ
area	кӏыпӏэ	t͡ʃʼəpʼa	чӏыпӏэ	ʈʂʼəpʼa	щӏыпӏэ	ɕʼəpʼa
debt	кӏыфэ	t͡ʃʼəfa	чӏыфэ	ʈʂʼəfa	щӏыхуэ	ɕʼəxʷa
earth	кӏыгу	t͡ʃʼəɡʷ	чӏыгу	ʈʂʼəɡʷ	щӏыгу	ɕʼəɡʷ
bottom	кӏэ	t͡ʃʼa	чӏэ	ʈʂʼa	щӏэ	ɕʼa
strong, force	кӏуакӏэ	kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼa	кӏуачӏэ	kʷʼaːʈʂʼa	кӏуащӏэ	kʷʼaːɕʼa
iron	гъукӏы	ʁʷət͡ʃʼə	гъучӏы	ʁʷəʈʂʼə	гъущӏы	ʁʷəɕʼə
daw	къуакӏэ	qʷaːt͡ʃʼa	къуанчӏэ	qʷaːnʈʂʼa	къуанщӏэ	qʷaːnɕʼa
bumblebee	кӏыбжь	t͡ʃʼəbʑ	чӏыбжь	ʈʂʼəbʑ	щӏыбжь	ɕʼəbʑ
badger	кӏыкъо	t͡ʃʼəqʷa	чӏыкъу	ʈʂʼəqʷ	щӏыкъу	ɕʼəqʷ
dark	кӏапсӏэ	t͡ʃʼaːpsʼa	чӏапцӏэ	ʈʂʼaːpt͡sʼa	щӏапцӏэ	ɕʼaːpt͡sʼa
to ask	упкӏэн	wəpt͡ʃʼan	упчӏэн	wəpʈʂʼan	упщӏэн	wəpɕʼan
gem, jewel	мыкӏы	mət͡ʃʼə	мычӏы	məʈʂʼə	мыщӏы	məɕʼə
clew	хъукӏанэ	χʷət͡ʃʼaːna	хъучӏанэ	χʷəʈʂʼaːna	хъущӏанэ	χʷəɕʼaːna
to bury	кӏэтӏэн	t͡ʃʼatʼan	чӏэтӏэн	ʈʂʼatʼan	щӏэтӏэн	ɕʼatʼan

Dropped consonants

In the Great Shapsug dialect (Like Bzhedug dialect) in some cases the consonants н [n], м [m] and р [r] are dropped and are not pronounced.^[8]

The consonant м [m] is dropped before bilabial stops б [b], п [p], пӏ [pʼ] :

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
calm	сабыр	saːbər	самбыр	saːmbər	самбыр	saːmbər
Saturday	шэбэт	ʃabat	шэмбэт	ʃambat	щэбэт	ɕabat
finger	ӏэпхъабэ	ʔapχaːba	ӏэхъуамбэ	ʔaχʷaːmba	ӏэпхъуамбэ	ʔapχʷaːmba
toe	лъэпхъабэ	ɬapχaːba	лъэхъуамбэ	ɬaχʷaːmba	лъэпхъуамбэ	ɬapχʷaːmba
wide	шъуабгъо	ʃʷaːbʁʷa	шъуамбгъо	ʃʷaːmbʁʷa	фабгъуэ	faːbʁʷa
peel	шъуапӏэ	ʃʷaːpʼa	шъуампӏэ	ʃʷaːmpʼa	фампӏэ	faːmpʼa
board	пхъэбгъу	pχabʁʷ	пхъэмбгъу	pχambʁʷ	пхъэбгъу	pχabʁʷ
worm	хьэблыу	ħabləw	хьамлыу	ħaːmɮəw	хьэмбылыу	ħambəɮəw

The consonant н [n] is dropped before postalveolar affricates дж [d͡ʒ], ч [t͡ʃ], кӏ [t͡ʃʼ] and before alveolar stops д [d], т [t], тӏ [tʼ] :

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
egg	кӏьакӏьэ	kʲʼaːkʲʼa	кӏэнкӏэ	t͡ʃant͡ʃa	джэдыкӏэ	d͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
sweat	пкӏатӏэ	pt͡ʃʼaːtʼa	пкӏантӏэ	pt͡ʃʼaːntʼa	пщӏантӏэ	pɕʼaːntʼa
flue pipe	оджэкъ	wad͡ʒaq	онджэкъ	wand͡ʒaq
rice	пыдж	pəd͡ʒ	пындж	pənd͡ʒ	пынжь	pənʑ
pillow	шъхьатэ	ʂħaːta	шъхьантэ	ʂħaːnta	щхьэнтэ	ɕħanta
pants	гъошэгь	ʁʷaʃaɡʲ	гъончэдж	ʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒ	гъуэншэдж	ʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
fast	псыкӏэ	psət͡ʃʼa	псынкӏэ	psənt͡ʃʼa	псынщӏэ	psənɕʼa
shovel	хьацэ	ħaːt͡sa	хьанцэ	ħaːnt͡sa	хьэнцэ	ħant͡sa
blue	шхъуатӏэ	ʃχʷaːtʼa	шхъуантӏэ	ʃχʷaːntʼa	шхъуантӏэ	ʃχʷaːntʼa
key	ӏукӏьыбзэ	ʔʷəkʲʼəbza	ӏункӏыбзэ	ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza	ӏункӏыбзэ	ʔʷənt͡ʃəbza
vein	лъытфэ	ɬətfa	лъынтфэ	ɬəntfa	лъынтхуэ	ɬəntxʷa
heavy	отэгъу	wataʁʷ	онтэгъу	wantaʁʷ	уэндэгъу	wandaʁʷ
knee	лъэгуаджэ	ɬaɡʷaːd͡ʒa	лъэгуанджэ	ɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒa	лъэгуажьэ	ɬaɡʷaːʑa
butterfly	хьэтӏрэпӏый	ħatˈrapˈəj	хьэнтӏэрэпӏый	ħantˈarapˈəj	хьэндырабгъуэ	ħandəraːbʁʷa
noise	жъот	ʒʷat	жъонт	ʒʷant
peanuts	чӏыдэ	t͡ʃʼəda	чӏындэ	t͡ʃʼənda	щӏыдэ	ɕʼəda
chair	пхъэтӏэкӏу	pχatʼakʷʼ	пхъэнтӏэкӏу	pχantʼakʷʼ

The consonant р [r] is dropped before a voiceless alveolar stop т [t] :

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
corn	натыф	naːtəf	натрыф	naːtrəf	нартыху	naːrtəxʷ
Nart	нат	naːt	нарт	naːrt	naːt	нарт
gender	фыкъо	fəqʷa	фыркъо	fərqʷa	хукхъуэ	xʷərqχʷa
Jewish	джут	d͡ʒəwt	джурт	d͡ʒəwrt	журт	dʒəwrt
to crush	пӏытӏын	pʼətʼən	пӏыртӏын	pʼərtʼən

Aspirated consonants

In the Shapsug dialect (Like the Bzhedug dialect) there exist a series of aspirated consonants (/pʰ/ /tʰ/ /ʃʰ/ /t͡sʰ/ /t͡ʃʰ/ /t͡ʂʰ/ /t͡ɕʰʷ/ /kʲʰ/ /kʰʷ/ /qʰ/ /qʰʷ/) that became plain consonants in other dialects:^[9]^[10]

Shapsug пʰ [pʰ] ↔ п [p] in other dialects :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
sharp	pʰaːpsʼa	пʰапсӏэ	paːpt͡sʼa	папцӏэ	paːpsʼa	paːpt͡sʼa
arrogant	pʰaːɣa	пʰагэ	paːɣa	пагэ	paːɣa	пагэ
nose	pʰa	пʰэ	pa	пэ	pa	пэ

Shapsug тʰ [tʰ] ↔ т [t] in other dialects :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
respect	pχaːtʰa	пхъатʰэ	pχaːta	пхъатэ	-	-
to give	jatʰən	етʰын	jatən	етын	jatən	етын
to take	ʃtʰan	штʰэн	ʃtan	штэн	ɕtan	щтэн
on	tʰajt	тʰет	tajt	тет	tat	тет
smooth	t͡sʼaːʂʷtʰa	цӏашъутʰэ	t͡sʼaːʃʷta	цӏашъутэ	t͡sʼaːfta	цӏафтэ
to afraid	ɕtʰan	щтʰэн	ɕtan	щтэн	ɕtan	щтэн
pillow	ʂħaːntʰa	шъхьантʰэ	ʂħaːnta	шъхьантэ	ɕħaːta	щхьатэ

Shapsug цʰ [t͡sʰ] ↔ ц [t͡s] in other dialects :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
wool	t͡sʰə	цʰы	t͡sə	цы	t͡sə	цы
eyelash	nabzət͡sʰ	нэбзыцʰ	nabzət͡s	нэбзыц	-	-

Shapsug шʰ [ʃʰ] ↔ щ [ɕ] in other Adyghe dialects :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
milk	ʃʰa	шʰэ	ɕa	щэ	ʃa	шэ
lame	ɬaːʃʰa	лъашʰэ	ɬaːɕa	лъащэ	ɬaːʃa	лъашэ
salt	ʃʰəʁʷ	шʰыгъу	ɕəʁʷ	щыгъу	ʃəʁʷ	шыгъу
cloud	pʃʰa	пшʰэ	pɕa	пщэ	pʃa	пшэ
pus	ʃʰənə	шʰыны	ɕənə	щыны	ʃən	шын
accordion	pʃʰəna	пшʰынэ	pɕəna	пщынэ	pʃəna	пшынэ
fat	pʃʰarə	пшʰэры	pɕarə	пщэры	pʃar	пшэр
wax	ʃʰafə	шʰэфы	ʃafə	шэфы	ʃaxʷə	шэху
horse	ʃʰə	шʰы	ʃə	шы	ʃə	шы
sand	pʃʰaːχʷa	пшʰахъо	pʃaːχʷa	пшахъо	pʃaːχʷa	пшахъуэ
story	pʃʰəsa	пшʰысэ	pʃəsa	пшысэ	pʃəsa	пшысэ

Shapsug кь [kʲ] ↔ ч [t͡ʃ] in other dialects (чʰ [t͡ʃʰ] in Bzhedug) :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
spleen	kʲʰa	кьʰэ	t͡ʃa	чэ	t͡ʃa	чэ
brushwood twig	kʲʰə	кьʰы	t͡ʃə	чы	t͡ʃə	чы
to cough	pskʲʰan	пскьʰэн	pst͡ʃan	псчэн	pst͡ʃan	псчэн

Shapsug кʰу [kʰʷ] ↔ ку [kʷ] in other dialects :

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
middle	kʰʷə	кʰу	kʷə	ку	kʷə	ку
thigh	kʰʷa	кʰо	kʷa	ко	kʷa	куэ

Shapsug къʰ [qʰ] ↔ къ [q] in other Adyghe dialects :

Word	Adyghe								Kabardian
	Shapsug		Kfar Kama		Natukhai		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
grave	qʰa	къʰэ	χa	хъэ	q͡χa	кхъэ	qa	къэ	q͡χa	кхъэ

Shapsug къуʰ [qʰʷ] ↔ къу [qʷ] in other Adyghe dialects :

Word	Adyghe								Kabardian
	Shapsug		Kfar Kama		Natukhai		Temirgoy and Abzakh		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
pig	qʰʷa	къʰо	χʷa	хъо	q͡χʷa	кхъо	qʷa	къо	q͡χʷa	кхъуэ
cheese	qʰʷaːja	къʰуае	χʷaːja	хъуае	q͡χʷaːja	кхъуае	qʷaːja	къуае	q͡χʷaj	кхъуей
ship	qʰʷaħ	къʰохь	qʷaħ	къохь	-	-	qʷəħa	къухьэ	q͡χʷəħ	кхъухь
peer	qʰʷəʐə	къʰужъы	qʷəʐə	къужъы	-	-	qʷəʐə	къужъы	q͡χʷəʑə	кхъужьы

Shapsug чъʰу [t͡ɕʰʷ] ↔ цу [t͡sʷ] in Temirgoy:

Word	Adyghe				Kabardian
	Shapsug		Temirgoy		Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
jungle/bushy area	t͡ɕʰʷənə	чъʰуны	t͡sʷənə	цуны	fən	фын

Others

In some Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there exist an alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ] ⟨сӏ⟩ that correspond to [t͡sʼ] ⟨цӏ⟩ in other dialects such as Abzakh, Bzhedug, Temirgoy, and Kabardian.^[11]

Shapsug сӏ [sʼ] ↔ цӏ [t͡sʼ] in other dialects:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
name	сӏэ	sʼa	цӏэ	t͡sʼa	цӏэ	t͡sʼa
lie	псӏы	psʼə	пцӏы	pt͡sʼə	пцӏы	pt͡sʼə
black	шӏусӏэ	ʃʷʼəsʼa	шӏуцӏэ	ʃʷʼət͡sʼa	фӏыцӏэ	fʼət͡sʼa
to yell	сӏэсӏэн	sʼasʼan	цӏэцӏэн	t͡sʼat͡sʼan	цӏэцӏэн	t͡sʼat͡sʼan
naked	псӏанэ	psʼaːna	пцӏанэ	pt͡sʼaːna	пцӏанэ	pt͡sʼaːna
wet	сӏынэ	sʼəna	цӏынэ	t͡sʼəna	цӏынэ	t͡sʼəna
sharp	папсӏэ	paːpsʼa	папцӏэ	paːpt͡sʼa	папцӏэ	paːpt͡sʼa
to lay eggs	кӏьэсӏын	kʲʼəsʼən	кӏэцӏын	t͡ʃʼət͡sʼən	кӏэцӏын	t͡ʃʼət͡sʼən
intestine	ныпсӏэ	nəpsʼa	ныпцӏэ	nəpt͡sʼa	-	-
dark-skinned	къуапсӏэ	qʷaːpsʼa	къуапцӏэ	qʷaːpt͡sʼa	къуапцӏэ	qʷaːpt͡sʼa
barefoot	лъапсӏэ	ɬaːpsʼa	лъапцӏэ	ɬaːpst͡sʼa	лъапцӏэ	ɬaːpst͡sʼa

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects (like Bzhedug and Abzakh) there exist a labialized voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕʷ] ⟨чъу⟩ that correspond to [t͡sʷ] ⟨цу⟩ in standard Adyghe Temirgoy.

Shapsug чъу [t͡ɕʷ] ↔ цу [t͡sʷ] in Temirgoy:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
shoe	чъуакъэ	t͡ɕʷaːqa	цуакъэ	t͡sʷaːqa	вакъэ	vaːqa
to stop	учъун	wət͡ɕʷən	уцун	wət͡sʷən	увын	wəvən
ox	чъу	t͡ɕʷə	цу	t͡sʷə	вы	və

The labialized retroflex consonants шъу [ʂʷ] and жъу [ʐʷ] in the literary Temirgoy dialect are alveolo-palatal щу [ɕʷ] and жьу [ʑʷ] in the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (Shapsug dialect and Natukhai dialect).

Shapsug щу [ɕʷ] ↔ шъу [ʂʷ] in Temirgoy:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
honey	щоу	ɕʷaw	шъоу	ʂʷaw	фо	faw
color	що	ɕʷa	шъо	ʂʷa	фэ	fa

Shapsug жьу [ʑʷ] ↔ жъу [ʐʷ] in Temirgoy:

Meaning	Shapsug		Standard Adyghe		Kabardian
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
star	жьуагъо	ʑʷaːʁʷa	жьуагъо	ʐʷaːʁʷa	вагъуэ	vaːʁʷa
rock	мыжьо	məʑʷa	мыжъо	məʐʷa	мывэ	məva
wide	ӏужьу	ʔʷəʑʷə	ӏужъу	ʔʷəʐʷə	ӏувы	ʔʷəvə

In some Shapsug dialects (e.g Kfar Kama dialect) there exists a voiceless glottal fricative [h] :

Meaning	Shapsug	Standard Adyghe
more	daha	-
again	dehiza	-
now	həɡʲ	jəd͡ʒə
right now	hədadam	d͡ʒədadam
for now	həɡʲraɡʲa	jəd͡ʒərat͡ʃʼa

Grammar differences

Instrumental case

In the instrumental case the noun has the suffix -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa) unlike other dialects that has the suffix -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa).

Shapsug: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэгьэ мэгущаӏэ ↔ Standard: Кӏалэр Адыгэбзэкӏэ мэгущаӏэ - "The boy speaks (using) Adyghe language".
Shapsug: Къэлэмымгьэ сэтхэ ↔ Standard: Къэлэмымкӏэ сэтхэ - "I write (using) with the pencil".

Future tense

In the Great Shapsug sub dialect (like Bzhedug) the future tense suffix is ~эт (~at) and in some cases ~ыт (~ət) unlike the Small Shapsug sub dialect that has (like Chemirguy) the Suffix ~щт (~ɕt)).

Word	Adyghe				Standard Kabardian
	Small Shapsug		Great Shapsug		Standard Kabardian
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
I will go	səkʷʼaɕt	сыкӏощт	səkʷʼat	сыкӏот	səkʷʼanəwɕ	сыкӏуэнущ
you will go	wəkʷʼaɕt	укӏощт	wəkʷʼat	укӏот	wəkʷʼanəwɕ	укӏуэнущ
he will go	raʷʼaɕt	рэкӏощт	rakʷʼat	рэкӏот	kʷʼanəwɕ	кӏуэнущ
we will go	təkʷʼaɕt	тыкӏощт	təkʷʼat	тыкӏот	dəkʷʼanəwɕ	дыкӏуэнущ
you (plural) will go	ʃʷəkʷaɕt	шъукӏощт	ʃʷəkʷʼat	шъукӏот	fəkʷʼanəwɕ	фыкӏуэнущ
they will go	rakʷaɕtəx	рэкӏощтых	rakʷʼatəx	рэкӏотых	jaːkʷʼanəwɕ	якӏуэнущ

Question words

Word	Adyghe
	Great Shapsug		Small Shapsug
	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic
what	ʂəd	шъыд	səd	сыд
why	ʃta	штэ	sədaː	сыда
when	ɕədʁʷa	щыдгъо	sədəjʁʷa	сыдигъо
so much	ɕtaw	щтэу	sədaw	сыдэу
with what	ʂədɡʲa	шъыдгьэ	sədt͡ʃʼa	сыдкӏэ
how much	ʂəd fadəjz	шъыд фэдиз	səd fadəjz	сыд фэдиз

Big suffix (~фо)

The standard Adyghe's suffix -шхо /-ʃxʷa/ which means big or mighty is -фo /-fˠa/ in the Shapsug dialect :

Meaning	Shapsug		Chemirguy
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
mighty God	тхьэфo	tħafˠa	тхьэшхо	tħaʃxʷa
large house	унэфo	wənafˠa	унэшхо	wənaʃxʷa

Positional prefix directly (джэхэ~)

The standard Adyghe's positional prefix -жэхэ /-ʒaxa/ which designates action directed at something or someone forcefully is -джэхэ /-d͡ʒaxa/ in the Shapsug dialect :

Meaning	Shapsug		Chemirguy
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Cyrillic	IPA
to collide with	джэхэхьэн	d͡ʒaxaħan	жэхэхьэн	ʒaxaħan
to hit someone	джэхэон	d͡ʒaxawan	жэхэон	ʒaxawan
to throw at someone	джэхэдзэн	d͡ʒaxad͡zan	жэхэдзэн	ʒaxad͡zan
to look steadily at	джэхэплъэн	d͡ʒaxapɬan	жэхэплъэн	ʒaxapɬan
to jump on someone for assault	джэхэпкӏьэн	d͡ʒaxapkʲʼan	жэхэпкӏэн	ʒaxapt͡ʃʼan

Positional prefix merging (го~)

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects, the verbal prefix го~ /ɡʷa-/ designates process of joining or merging with an object on a body. This positional conjugation does not exist in other Circassian dialects. for example :

Meaning	Adyghe		Notes
Meaning	Cyrillic	IPA	Notes
to throw at	годзэн	ɡʷad͡zan	to throw an object on a steed or someone's neck
to merge to	гохьэн	ɡʷaħan	to merge with an object
to look at	гоплъэн	ɡʷapɬan	to look at a steed or someone's neck
to fit at to fall at	гофэн	ɡʷafan	to fit on a steed or someone's neck an object to fall on a steed or someone's neck
to take from	гохын	ɡʷaxən	to take an object a steed or someone's neck
to come down from	гокӏын	ɡʷat͡ʃʼən	to get off a steed or someone's neck
to put at	голъхьэн	ɡʷaɬħan	to put an object on a steed or someone's neck
to stand on	гоуцон	ɡʷawt͡sʷan	to beat up someone
to fall from	гозын	ɡʷazən	to fall from the body of something or someone

цум	бжъитӏу	гот
цу-м	бжъ-итӏу	го-т
[t͡sʷəm	bʐəjtʷʼ	ɡʷat]
ox (erg.)	two horns	it have on his body
"the ox have two horns."

шыор	шым	гос
шыо-р	шы-м	го-с
[ʃəwar	ʃəm	ɡʷas]
the horseman (abs.)	horse (erg.)	(s)he is sitting on a body
"the horseman is sitting on the horse."

лӏыжъым	зылъакъо	готэп
лӏыжъы-м	зы-лъакъо	го-тэ-п
[ɬʼəʐəm	zəɬaːqʷa	ɡʷatap]
the old man (erg.)	one leg	(s)he doesn't have on his body
"the old man doesn't have one leg."

шым	зеохьыжьым	кӏалэу	госэр	гозэгъ
шы-м	зеохьы-жь-ым	кӏалэ-у	го-сэ-р	го-зэ-гъ
[ʃəm	zajwaħəʑəm	t͡ʃʼaːɮaw	ɡʷasar	ɡʷazaʁ]
house (erg.)	to get out of control	boy (adv.)	the one on the body	(s)he fell off the body
"when the horse got out of control the boy sitting on it fell."

Sample text

Псэкӏодишъэ Зыгъэхъагъэр :

Сэтэнай-гуащэ ныо рэхъугъэу, е ыкӏуакӏэ къыщыкӏагъэу, е ынэгу зэлъагъэу сӏыф къыӏуатэу хэти зэхихыгъэп. Зэхихына, — Сэтэнае егъашӏи жъы рэхъугъэп! Мыӏэрысэм ыку фыжьэу тхъу сӏынэм фэдэр ынэгу щифэти; — фыжьыбзэу, ышъо жъыутэхэу къабзэу, моу укъищэу рэхъущтыгъэ; ышъуапӏэ ыжъоу, ащ ыпс ригъашъорэр — ыгугьэ кьэфэу, хьалэлэу, гукӏьегъуфо хэлъэу ышӏэущтыгъ. Ащ фэдэ мыӏэрысэ Нат ябын зэриӏэр Емынэжъ ышӏагъ.; Арыти, нэшъоу зишӏи, лъащэу зишӏи Сэтэнай-гуащэ дэжь къэкӏуагъ.

— Сэтэнай! — ыӏуи къегьагъ Емынэжъ,

— Шъыд? — ыӏожьыгъ Сэтэнае,

— Слъакъомэ сахьыжьырэп, сынэмэ алъэгъужьырэп, сшъхьэ акъыл чан илъыжьэп, сыгугьэ мэхъаджэ сыхъугъ, гъашӏэу къысфэнэжьыгъэри макӏэ. Джэуап къысфэхъу! — ыӏуагъ Емынэжъы. — Уимыӏэрысэфо ищэнсэн сэмышӏэу уенэгуя?!.

— Сэ симыӏэрысэфо ишӏуагъэ къыокӏьыщтэп, — ыӏуагъ Сэтэнай-гуащэ. — О жъалымэгъэ бащэ зэпхьагъ.

ӏэзэгъу къыритыгъэп.

«Ащ ишӏуагъэ сэ къысэмыкӏьынэу щытмэ, шъори къышъозгъэкӏьынэп!» — ыӏуи, чэщ горэм къекӏуашъи Нат ябын идышъэ мыӏэрысэ чыг Емынэжъы риупкӏыгь. А чыгэр яӏагъэемэ, нэпэ къагу натхэр псэоу, тхъэжьэу, жъы рэмыхъухэу щыӏэнхи!.

External links

Shapsug dialect unique words

References

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Shapsug". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Shapsoug dialect (French)
↑ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных (Russian)
↑ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1 (Russian)
↑ Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков (Russian)
↑ Studia Caucasologica I page 11 (English)
↑ Переднеязычные твердые шипящие аффрикаты дж, чъ, ч1 (Russian)
↑ Наращение сонорных согласных (Russian)
↑ Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков (Russian)
↑ Studia Caucasologica I (English)
↑ Спирантизация аффрикат (Russian)

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