Senna alexandrina
| Alexandrian senna | |
|---|---|
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| Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Tribe: | Cassieae |
| Genus: | Senna |
| Species: | S. alexandrina |
| Binomial name | |
| Senna alexandrina Mill. | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Many, see text | |
Senna alexandrina (Alexandrian senna, in Arabic عشرج or عشرق and see below) is an ornamental plant in the genus Senna. It is used in herbalism. It grows natively in upper Egypt, especially in the Nubian region, and near Khartoum (Sudan), where it is cultivated commercially. It is also grown elsewhere, notably in India and Somalia.
Alexandrian Senna is a shrubby plant that reaches 0.5–1, rarely two, metres in height with a branched, pale-green erect stem and long spreading branches bearing four or five pairs of leaves. These leaves form complex, feathery, mutual pairs. The leaflets vary from 4 to 6 pairs, fully edged, with a sharp top. The midribs are equally divided at the base of the leaflets. The flowers are in a raceme interior blossoms, big in size, coloured yellow that tends to brown. Its legume fruit are horned, broadly oblong, compressed and flat and contain about six seeds.
When cultured, the plants are cut down semi-annually, dried in the sun, stripped and packed in palm-leaf bags. They are then sent on camels to Essouan and Darao, then down the Nile to Cairo or else to Red Sea ports. For the nomadic Ababda, for example, trade in senna provides a significant source of income.
Names and taxonomy
Senna alexandrina is also known under the names Egyptian senna, Tinnevelly senna, East Indian senna or the French séné de la palthe
It received the names "Alexandrian senna" and "Egyptian senna" because Alexandria in Egypt was the main trade port in past times. The fruits and leaves were transported from Nubia and Sudan and other places to Alexandria, then from it and across the Mediterranean sea to Europe and adjacent Asia.
Though it might look like a scientific name, Cassia Officinalis is actually the apothecary term for this plant, and hence Officinalis—the Latin adjective denoting tools, utensils and medical compounds—is written with an initial upper-case letter, unlike specific epithets, which are always written with an initial lower-case letter today.
- Cassia acutifolia Delile
- Cassia alexandrina (Garsault) Thell.
- Cassia angustifolia M. Vahl
- Cassia lanceolata Collad.
- C. lanceolata Link is a synonym of Senna sophera var. sophera)
- C. lanceolata Pers. is a synonym of Chamaecrista desvauxii var. mollissima
- Cassia lenitiva Bisch.
- Cassia senna L.
- Senna acutifolia (Delile) Batka
- Senna alexandrina Garsault
- Senna angustifolia (Vahl) Batka
Medicinal use
Historically, Senna alexandrina was used in the form of senna pods, or as herbal tea made from the leaves, as a laxative.
Modern medicine has used extracts since at least the 1950s[2] as a laxative.[3][4] If accidentally ingested by infants, it can cause side effects such as severe diaper rash.[3] The active ingredients are several senna glycosides[5] which interact with immune cells in the colon.[6]
References
- ↑ ILDIS (2005)
- ↑ Duncan, As (Feb 1957), "Standardized Senna as a Laxative in the Puerperium", British Medical Journal (Free full text), 1 (5016): 439–41, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5016.439, ISSN 0007-1447, PMC 1974525
, PMID 13396280 - 1 2 Spiller, Ha; Winter, Ml; Weber, Ja; Krenzelok, Ep; Anderson, Dl; Ryan, Ml (May 2003), "Skin breakdown and blisters from senna-containing laxatives in young children", The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 37 (5): 636–9, doi:10.1345/aph.1C439, ISSN 1060-0280, PMID 12708936
- ↑ Kinnunen, O; Winblad, I; Koistinen, P; Salokannel, J (Oct 1993), "Safety and efficacy of a bulk laxative containing senna versus lactulose in the treatment of chronic constipation in geriatric patients", Pharmacology (Free full text), 47 Suppl 1: 253–5, doi:10.1159/000139866, ISSN 0031-7012, PMID 8234438
- ↑ Hietala, P; Marvola, M; Parviainen, T; Lainonen, H (Aug 1987), "Laxative potency and acute toxicity of some anthraquinone derivatives, senna extracts and fractions of senna extracts", Pharmacology & toxicology, 61 (2): 153–6, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01794.x, ISSN 0901-9928, PMID 3671329
- ↑ Lemli, J (Nov 1995), "Mechanism of action of sennosides", Bulletin de l'Academie nationale de médecine, 179 (8): 1605–11, ISSN 0001-4079, PMID 8717178
Further reading
- el Sayid Haykal, Mohamed & Abd Razik Omar, Abdalluh (1993): Medicinal plants & Aromatic plants - Its chemistry-production-benefits (2nd ed.). Dar el Maaref, Alexandria.
- International Legume Database & Information Service (ILDIS) (2005): Genera Cassia and Senna. Version 10.01, November 2005. Retrieved 2007-DEC-20.
- Irwin, H.S. & Barneby, R.C. (1982): The American Cassiinae. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 35: 1-918
External links
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