Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

Legal status of same-sex unions
Marriage
Performed

Argentina
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Colombia
Denmark:
· Denmark proper
· Greenland
Finland*
France
Iceland
Ireland
Luxembourg
Mexico:
· CM, CH, CA,
· CL, GR3, JA,
· MC, MR, NA,
· PU3, QE3,
· QR, CDMX

Netherlands:
· Netherlands proper
New Zealand:
· New Zealand proper
Norway
Portugal
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom:
· England and Wales
· Scotland
· AX and DX, AC*, BAT
· GI, GG*, IM, PN
United States:
· United States proper
· GU, MP, PR, VI
· some tribal jurisdictions
Uruguay

Recognized

  1. When performed in Mexican states that have legalized same-sex marriage
  2. When performed in the Netherlands proper
  3. Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state

* Not yet in effect

LGBT portal

In response to court action in a number of states, the United States federal government and a number of state legislatures passed or attempted to pass legislation either prohibiting or allowing same-sex marriage or other types of same-sex unions.

On June 26, 2015, all such legislation was made irrelevant when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges that a fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by the Fourteenth Amendment, and that states must allow same-sex marriage.

Federal level

In 1996, the United States Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed Public Law 104-199, the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Section 3 of DOMA defines "marriage" and "spouse" for purposes of both federal law and any ruling, regulation, or interpretation by an administrative bureau or agency of the United States government.[1] The impact of Section 2 of DOMA, which relieves jurisdictions within the United States of any obligation to recognize same-sex relationships legally established in any other jurisdiction, is less clear.[2]

On March 16, 2011, companion bills were introduced by House and Senate Democrats to repeal DOMA. The bills were named the Respect for Marriage Act (RFMA).[3]

In United States v. Windsor, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of Section 3 of DOMA, which defines marriage for federal purposes as the union of a man and a woman.[4] On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled by a 5-4 vote that the Section 3 of DOMA is unconstitutional.[5]

The State Marriage Defense Act, introduced in the House of Representatives on January 9, 2014, would require the federal government to recognize the validity of a marriage based on a person's legal residence (place of domicile), rather than on the validity of the marriage when and where it was solemnized (place of celebration). The Obama administration has generally used the latter standard. Its sponsors described it as a way to clarify the federal government's response to Windsor and restore the ability of the a state to control the definition of marriage within its borders.[6][7]

In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court was asked to determine the constitutionality of state bans on same-sex marriage licenses as well as state bans on recognition of same-sex marriages from other states. On June 26, 2015, the court ruled by a 5-4 vote that the Fourteenth Amendment obliges states to license same-sex marriages and to recognize same-sex marriages from other states.[8]

State level

Efforts to enable same-sex unions

Votes by state legislatures to recognize various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Governor Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
District of Columbia June 1992 Domestic partnership[9] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
California September 1994 Domestic partnership[10][11] 21 17 41 26 Vetoed  No
Hawaii March 1996 Domestic partnership[12] 14 11 Failed —  No
Hawaii June 1997 Reciprocal beneficiary relationship[13] 24 7 43 27 Signed  Yes
California September 1998 Domestic partnership[14] 21 17 41 36 Vetoed  No
California October 1999 Domestic partnership[15] 23 13 41 38 Vetoed  No
California October 1999 Domestic partnership[16] 22 14 41 36 Signed  Yes
Vermont April 2000 Civil union[17] 19 11 79 68 Signed  Yes
California August 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[18] 22 12 41 27 Signed  Yes
California October 2001 Domestic partnership (expansion)[19] 23 11 41 32 Signed  Yes
California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[20] 26 11 41 31 Signed  Yes
California September 2002 Domestic partnership (expansion)[21] 23 13 43 27 Signed  Yes
California September 2003 Domestic partnership (expansion)[22] 23 14 41 33 Signed  Yes
New Jersey January 2004 Domestic partnership[23] 23 9 41 28 Signed  Yes
Maine April 2004 Domestic partnership[24] 18 14 84 58 Signed  Yes
California September 2004 Domestic partnership (expansion)[25] 23 12 46 29 Signed  Yes
Connecticut April 2005 Civil union[26] 27 9 85 63 Signed  Yes
Maryland May 2005 Domestic partnership[27] 31 16 83 50 Vetoed  No
California June 2005 Marriage[28] — — Failed —  No
California September 2005 Marriage[29] 21 15 41 35 Vetoed  No
California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[30] 23 15 47 28 Signed  Yes
California September 2005 Domestic partnership (expansion)[31] 21 14 47 32 Signed  Yes
California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[32] 24 15 46 29 Signed  Yes
California September 2006 Domestic partnership (expansion)[33] 23 15 47 31 Signed  Yes
New Jersey December 2006 Civil union[34] 23 12 56 19 Signed  Yes
New Hampshire April 2007 Civil union[35] — — Failed —  No
Washington April 2007 Domestic partnership[36] 28 19 63 35 Signed  Yes
Oregon May 2007 Domestic partnership[37] 21 9 34 26 Signed  Yes
New Hampshire May 2007 Civil union[38] 14 10 243 129 Signed  Yes
New York June 2007 Marriage[39] — — 85 61 —  No
California September 2007 Marriage[40] 22 15 42 34 Vetoed  No
California October 2007 Domestic partnership (expansion)[41] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
New Hampshire January 2008 Contractual cohabitation[42] Failed — — —  No
New Mexico February 2008 Domestic partnership[43] — — 33 31 —  No
Washington March 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[44] 29 20 62 32 Signed  Yes
Maryland May 2008 Domestic partnership[45] 30 17 88 46 Signed  Yes
District of Columbia May 2008 Domestic partnership (expansion)[46] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Mexico February 2009 Domestic partnership[47] 17 25 — — —  No
Vermont April 2009 Marriage[48] 23 5 100 49 Vetoed 1  Yes
Colorado April 2009 Designated beneficiary agreement[49] 23 10 41 24 Signed  Yes
Connecticut April 2009 Marriage (codification)[50] 28 7 100 44 Signed  Yes
Maine May 2009 Marriage[51] 21 14 89 58 Signed  No2
District of Columbia May 2009 Marriage (recognition only)[52] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Washington May 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[53] 30 18 62 35 Signed  Yes3
Nevada May 2009 Domestic partnership[54] 14 7 28 14 Vetoed1  Yes
New Hampshire June 2009 Marriage[55] 14 10 198 176 Signed  Yes
Oregon June 2009 Domestic partnership (expansion)[56] 27 0 41 8 Signed  Yes
Wisconsin June 2009 Domestic partnership[57] 17 16 50 48 Signed  Yes
California October 2009 Out-of-state pre-proposition 8 marriage recognition[58] 24 14 44 27 Signed  Yes
New York December 2009 Marriage[59] 24 38 89 52 —  No
District of Columbia December 2009 Marriage[60] N/A 11 2 Signed  Yes
Rhode Island January 2010 Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[61] 31 3 67 3 Vetoed1  Yes
New Jersey January 2010 Marriage[62] 14 20 — — —  No
Minnesota May 2010 Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[63] 41 24 78 55 Vetoed  No
Hawaii July 2010 Civil union[64] 18 7 31 20 Vetoed  No
New York July 2010 Domestic partnership (only 1 entitlement)[65] 50 11 127 26 Signed  Yes
California September 2010 Domestic partnership (expansion)[66] 23 12 53 24 Signed  Yes
Illinois January 2011 Civil union[67][68][69] 32 24 61 52 Signed  Yes
Hawaii February 2011 Civil union[70] 18 5 31 19 Signed  Yes
New Hampshire March 2011 Domestic union[71] — — Failed —  No
Maryland March 2011 Marriage[72][73] 25 21 — — —  No
Colorado March 2011 Civil union[74][75] 23 12 — — —  No
Washington April 2011 Recognition of out-of-state union as domestic partnership[76] 28 19 58 39 Signed  Yes
Delaware May 2011 Civil union[77] 13 6 26 15 Signed  Yes
New York June 2011 Marriage[78] 33 29 80 63 Signed  Yes
Rhode Island July 2011 Civil union[79] 21 16 62 11 Signed  Yes
California September 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[80] 22 13 52 25 Signed  Yes
California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[81] 25 15 Passed Signed  Yes
California October 2011 Domestic partnership (expansion)[82] 24 13 Passed Signed  Yes
Washington February 2012 Marriage[83] 28 21 55 43 Signed  Yes3
New Jersey February 2012 Marriage[84] 24 16 42 33 Vetoed  No
Maryland March 2012 Marriage[85] 25 22 72 67 Signed  Yes3
Colorado May 2012 Civil union[86] 23 12 — — —  No
Wyoming January 2013 Domestic partnership[87] — — 24 35 —  No
Colorado March 2013 Civil union[88] 21 14 39 26 Signed  Yes
Rhode Island May 2013 Marriage[89][90] 26 12 56 15 Signed  Yes
Delaware May 2013 Marriage[91] 12 9 23 18 Signed  Yes
Minnesota May 2013 Marriage[92] 37 30 75 59 Signed  Yes
Hawaii November 2013 Marriage[93] 19 4 30 19 Signed  Yes
Illinois November 2013 Marriage[94][95] 32 21 61 54 Signed  Yes
Wyoming February 2014 Marriage[96] — — 17 41 —  No
California July 2014 Marriage (codification)[97][98][99] 25 10 51 11 Signed  Yes
Virginia February 2015 Marriage (codification)[100][101][102] 20 18 — — —  No
Oregon July 2015 Marriage (codification)[103][104] 18 11 40 18 Signed  Yes
Guam August 2015 Marriage (codification)[105][106][107] N/A 13 2 N/A4  Yes
Oregon March 2016 Marriage (codification)[108][109][110] 18 11 43 13 Signed  Yes
Colorado June 2016 Conversion of civil union into marriage[111][112] 34 0 52 13 Signed  Yes
California June 2016 Marriage and domestic partnership (codification)[113][114] 34 0 63 1 Signed  Yes
Virginia 2017 Marriage (codification)[115] Pending

Notes:

Efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Votes by state legislatures to prohibit recognition of various types of same-sex unions, sorted by date:

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Governor Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Maryland May 1973 Marriage[116] Passed Passed Signed  Yes1
Oklahoma February 1975 Marriage[117] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Arizona April 1975 Marriage[118] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Virginia August 1975 Marriage[119] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Utah April 1977 Marriage[120] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Florida June 1977 Marriage[121][122][123] 37 0 101 11 Signed  Yes
Illinois June 1977 Marriage[124] Passed Passed Signed  Yes1
California August 1977 Marriage[125] 23 5 68 2 Signed  Yes1
Wyoming October 1977 Marriage[126] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Wisconsin July 1979 Marriage[127] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
New Hampshire July 1987 Marriage[128][129] Passed Passed Signed  Yes1
New Hampshire March 1994 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[130] 11 12 — — —  No
Guam May 1994 Marriage[131] N/A Passed Signed  Yes1
Hawaii June 1994 Marriage[132] Passed Passed Signed  Yes1
Utah March 1995 Marriage[133] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Dakota January 1996 Marriage[134][135][136] 26 8 49 18 Signed  Yes
Idaho February 1996 Marriage[135][137] 24 6 66 4 Signed  Yes
Idaho March 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[138] 28 4 59 6 Signed  Yes
Colorado March 1996 Marriage[139] Passed Passed Vetoed  No
Kansas April 1996 Marriage[135][140] 39 1 87 38 Signed  Yes
Georgia April 1996 Marriage[134][135][141] 47 0 135 10 Signed  Yes
Arizona May 1996 Marriage[134][135][142] 21 9 50 5 Signed  Yes
Alaska May 1996 Marriage and civil union[135][143][144] 16 3 31 9 N/A2  Yes
Illinois May 1996 Marriage[145][146] 42 9 87 17 Signed  Yes1
Tennessee May 1996 Marriage[134][135] Passed 90 1 Signed  Yes
South Carolina May 1996 Marriage[147][148] Passed 82 0 Signed  Yes
Michigan June 1996 Marriage[149][150] 31 2 88 14 Signed  Yes
Michigan June 1996 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[149][150] Passed 74 28 Signed  Yes
Delaware June 1996 Marriage[151] 17 3 39 0 Signed  Yes1
North Carolina June 1996 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[152][153][154] 41 4 98 10 Signed  Yes
Missouri July 1996 Marriage[155] 29 2 131 10 Signed  Yes
California August 1996 Marriage[156] 20 21 Passed —  No
Oklahoma September 1996 Marriage[134][135] 42 2 99 0 Signed  Yes
Pennsylvania October 1996 Marriage[157][158] 43 5 189 13 Signed  Yes
Mississippi February 1997 Marriage[159] 50 0 118 3 Signed  Yes
Arkansas February 1997 Marriage[134][160] 34 0 92 2 Signed  Yes
North Dakota February 1997 Marriage[134][161] 43 6 73 18 Signed  Yes
Texas February 1997 Marriage[159][162] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Washington February 1997 Marriage[163] 33 15 63 35 Vetoed  No
Virginia March 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[134][164] 40 0 87 9 Signed  Yes
Maine March 1997 Marriage[165] 24 10 106 39 N/A2  Yes1
Indiana April 1997 Marriage[166][167] 38 10 85 9 Signed  Yes
Montana April 1997 Marriage and civil union[134][168] 45 5 73 23 Signed  Yes
Florida May 1997 Recognition of out-of-state marriage and civil union[134][169] 33 5 97 19 N/A2  Yes
Minnesota June 1997 Marriage[135][170] 64 0 108 20 Signed  Yes1
Colorado June 1997 Marriage[171] Passed Passed Vetoed  No
Washington February 1998 Marriage[172][173] 34 11 65 28 Vetoed 3  Yes1
Kentucky April 1998 Marriage and recognition out-of-state marriage[135][174] 32 2 84 9 Signed  Yes
Alabama May 1998 Marriage[175] 30 0 79 12 Signed  Yes
Hawaii November 1998 Marriage[134] Passed Passed Signed  Yes1
Puerto Rico March 1999 Marriage[176] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Louisiana July 1999 Marriage and recognition of out-of-state marriage[177] 32 0 95 0 Signed  Yes
West Virginia March 2000 Marriage[178] Passed 96 3 Signed  Yes
New Hampshire March 2000 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[179] — — 128 232 —  No
Colorado May 2000 Marriage[180] Passed 37 28 Signed  Yes
New Hampshire March 2001 Recognition of out-of-state civil union[181] — — 88 276 —  No
Missouri July 2001 Marriage[182] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
American Samoa March 2003 Marriage[183] Failed — — —  No
New Hampshire March 2003 Recognition of out-of-state civil union[184] — — Failed —  No
Texas May 2003 Recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriage and civil union[185] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Wisconsin November 2003 Marriage[186][187] 22 10 68 29 Vetoed  No
Ohio February 2004 Marriage, recognition of out-of-state marriage, and civil union[134][188] 72 22 18 15 Signed  Yes
Utah March 2004 Civil union[134] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Virginia April 2004 Civil union[134][189] 27 12 69 30 N/A2  Yes
New Hampshire May 2004 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[190] 16 7 215 137 Signed  Yes1
Wyoming February 2007 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[191] 21 8 — — —  No
New Hampshire March 2008 Recognition of out-of-state union[192] — — Failed —  No
New Hampshire March 2009 Civil union[193] — — 136 205 —  No
New Hampshire February 2010 Marriage[194][195] — — 109 210 —  No
Wyoming March 2011 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[196] 14 16 31 28 —  No
New Hampshire March 2012 Marriage[197] — — 116 211 —  No
Wyoming February 2014 Recognition of out-of-state marriage[96] — — 29 31 —  No

Notes:

Attempts to establish same-sex unions via initiative or statewide referendum

State Intended date Same-sex union Description Outcome
Maine November 2012 Marriage Initiative to establish same-sex marriage.[198]  Yes

Efforts to enable ban amendment

State Date Type of same-sex union Upper House Lower house Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Hawaii 1998 Marriage ban permitted Passed Passed Placed on Ballot
November 1998 Referendum (69.18%)  Yes
Alaska 1998 Same-sex marriage 14 6 28 12 Placed on Ballot
November 1998 Referendum (68.1%)  Yes
Indiana February 2004 Same-sex marriage[199] 42 7 — —  No
Missouri 2004 Same-sex marriage Passed Passed Placed on Ballot
August 2004 Referendum (70.6%)  Yes
Louisiana May/June 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 31 6 64 29  No
87 11 Placed on Ballot
September 2004 Referendum (77.79%)  Yes
Mississippi 2004 Same-sex marriage Passed Passed Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (86.01%)  Yes
Georgia February/March 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 40 14 117 50  No
122 52 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (76.2%)  Yes
Utah March 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[200] 20 7 58 14 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (65.86%)  Yes
Kentucky April 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[201][202] 33 5 85 11 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (74.55%)  Yes
Oklahoma April 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 26 19 92 4 Placed on Ballot
November 2004 Referendum (75.58%)  Yes
Kansas January/February 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 28 11 86 37 Placed on Ballot
April 2005 Referendum (69.94%)  Yes
Texas May 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[203] 21 8 101 29 Placed on Ballot
November 2005 Referendum (76.25%)  Yes
Alabama March 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 30 0 85 7 Placed on Ballot
June 2006 Referendum (81.2%)  Yes
South Carolina 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions Passed Passed Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (77.97%)  Yes
South Dakota February 2005 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 14 55 14 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (51.83%)  Yes
Wisconsin March 2004 Same-sex marriage and civil unions 20 13 68 27 Advanced
February 2006 19 14 62 31 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (59.4%)  Yes
Tennessee May 2004 Same-sex marriage 28 1 85 5 Advanced
March 2005 29 3 88 7 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (81.25%)  Yes
Idaho February 2006 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[204] 26 9 53 17 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (63.4%)  Yes
Virginia March 2006 All types of same-sex unions[205] 28 11 85 12 Placed on Ballot
November 2006 Referendum (57.06%)  Yes
Pennsylvania June 2006 Same-sex marriage[206] 38 12 136 61 Advanced
2007/2008 — — — —  No
Arizona May/June 2008 Same-sex marriage 14 11 35 25  No
16 4 Placed on Ballot
November 2008 Referendum (56.2%)  Yes
Wyoming February 2009 Same-sex marriage[207] — — 25 35  No
West Virginia March 2009 Same-sex marriage[208] — — 30 67  No
Indiana January 2010 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[209] 38 10 — —  No
New Hampshire February 2010 Same-sex marriage[210] — — 135 201  No
Wyoming January 2011 Same-sex marriage[211] 20 10 — —  No
Iowa February 2011 Same-sex marriage — — 62 37  No
North Carolina September 2011 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[212] 30 16 75 42 Placed on Ballot
May 2012 Referendum (61.04%)  Yes
Minnesota May 2011 Same-sex marriage[213] 37 27 70 62 Placed on Ballot
November 2012 Referendum (47.44%)  No
Indiana March 2011 Same-sex marriage and civil unions[199] 40 10 70 26  No, Bill was amended
Indiana February 2014 Same-sex marriage[214][215] 32 17 57 40 Advanced
2015 — — — —  No

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by constitutional amendment

The following table shows all popular vote results regarding state constitutional amendments concerning same-sex marriage, and in some cases civil unions and domestic partnerships. The Hawaii amendment is different in that it granted the legislature authority to "reserve marriage to opposite-sex couples" (which the legislature had already done).

State Initiative Ban on Date  Yes vote  No vote Total votes Voter turnout Electorate Final
outcome
Votes Percentage Votes Percentage
Alabama Amendment 774 Marriage and
civil union		 June 6, 2006 697,591 81.2% 161,694 18.8% 859,285 25.73% 3,338,467  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Alaska Ballot Measure 2 Marriage November 3, 1998 152,965 68.1% 71,631 31.9% 224,596 50.11% 453,332  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Arizona Proposition 107 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 721,789 48.2% 775,498 51.8% 1,496,987 38.15% 3,923,786  No
Arizona Proposition 102 Marriage November 4, 2008 1,258,355 56.2% 980,753 43.8% 2,239,078 55.33% 2,987,451  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 753,770 74.95% 251,914 25.04% 1,005,684 51.07% 1,969,208  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
California Proposition 8 Marriage November 4, 2008 7,001,084 52.24% 6,401,482 47.76% 13,743,177 61.73% 22,261,504  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.1
Colorado Amendment 43 Marriage November 7, 2006 855,126 55.02% 699,030 44.98% 1,554,156 47.13% 3,297,308  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Florida Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 4, 2008 4,890,883 61.92% 3,008,026 38.08% 8,456,329 66.65% 12,687,407  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 2,454,930 76.2% 768,716 23.8% 3,223,646 54.84% 5,878,186  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage ban
permitted		 November 3, 1998 285,384 69.18% 117,827 28.56% 403,211  Yes 2
Idaho Amendment 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 282,386 63.4% 163,384 36.6% 445,770 49.04% 908,925  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Kansas Proposed amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 April 5, 2005 417,675 69.94% 179,432 30.06% 597,107  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 1,222,125 74.55% 417,097 25.45% 1,639,222 53.6% 3,057,741  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 September 18, 2004 619,908 77.79% 177,067 22.21% 796,975 25.04% 3,182,762  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Michigan State Proposal - 04-2 All types of same-sex unions November 2, 2004 2,698,077 58.63% 1,904,319 41.37% 4,602,396 63.36% 7,263,024  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Minnesota Amendment 1 Marriage November 6, 2012 1,399,916 47.44% 1,550,864 52.56% 2,950,780 76.11% 3,876,752  No
Mississippi Amendment 1 Marriage November 2, 2004 957,104 86.01% 155,648 13.99% 1,112,752 53.78% 2,068,766  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 Marriage August 3, 2004 1,055,771 70.6% 439,529 29.4% 1,495,300 35.76% 4,180,960  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Montana Initiative 96 Marriage November 2, 2004 295,070 66.55% 148,263 33.45% 443,333 63.41% 699,114  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Nebraska Initiative Measure 416 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2000 450,07 70.36% 189,555 29.64% 639,628 52.24% 1,224,178  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Nevada Question 2 Marriage November 7, 2000 412,688 69.62% 180,077 30.38% 592,765 44.03% 1,346,116  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Nevada Question 2 Marriage November 7, 2002 337,197 67.20% 164,573 32.80% 501,770 42.61% 1,391,100  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
North Carolina Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 May 8, 2012 1,317,178 61.04% 840,802 38.96% 2,157,980 34.66% 6,296,759  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 223,572 73.23% 81,716 26.77% 305,288 63.24% 482,722  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Ohio State Issue 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 3,329,335 61.71% 2,065,462 38.29% 5,394,797 64.01% 8,427,696  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Oklahoma State Question 711 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 1,075,216 75.58% 347,303 24.42% 1,422,519 56.65% 2,510,823  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Oregon Measure 36 Marriage November 2, 2004 1,028,546 56.63% 787,556 43.37% 1,816,102 71.19% 2,550,887  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
South Carolina Amendment 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 829,360 77.97% 234,316 22.03% 1,063,676 33.74% 3,152,046  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
South Dakota Amendment C Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 172,305 51.83% 160,152 48.17% 332,457 57.26% 580,592  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Tennessee Amendment 1 Marriage November 7, 2006 1,419,434 81.3% 327,536 18.7% 1,746,970 39.4% 4,433,921  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Texas Proposition 2 Marriage and
civil union		 November 8, 2005 1,723,782 76.25% 536,913 23.74% 2,260,695 17.97% 12,577,545  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Utah Constitutional Amendment 3 Marriage and
civil union		 November 2, 2004 593,297 65.86% 307,488 34.14% 900,785 57.21% 1,574,463  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.3
Virginia Marshall-Newman Amendment All types of same-sex unions November 7, 2006 1,328,537 57.06% 999,687 42.94% 2,328,224 43.23% 5,385,522  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.
Wisconsin Referendum 1 Marriage and
civil union		 November 7, 2006 1,264,310 59.4% 862,924 40.6% 2,127,234 52.33% 4,064,432  Yes but ruled unconstitutional.

Notes:

Recent, pending, or proposed attempts to constitutionally block same-sex unions

State 2000s 2010s 2014 Details
Delaware 2009 A proposed constitutional amendment, Senate Bill 27, to ban same-sex marriage failed.[217] Failed
Indiana 2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009		 2010
2011		 2014 On February 15, 2011, the Indiana House approved a ban on civil unions and marriage (70-26). The bill passed the Indiana Senate by a 40-10 vote. According to state law, the bill must now be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters will see the measure on the 2014 ballot.[218] On January 27, 2014, the Indiana House voted 52-43 to remove the ban on civil unions from the proposed measure.[219] On January 28, 2014, the Indiana House voted 57-40 in favor of the amended measure.[220] On February 17, 2014, the Indiana Senate voted 32-17 approving the House-amended version of the ban on gay marriage. The measure will now need to be approved by the next, separately elected legislature before voters are allowed to decide its fate in 2016.[221] Failed
Iowa 2004
2005		 2010
2011		 After the Iowa Supreme Court made same-sex marriage legal in 2009, a backlash quickly developed that resulted in three of the justices losing their seats in the 2010 election. Additionally, Republicans took control of the House and fell one seat short of taking over the Senate. For a proposed constitutional amendment to come before Iowa voters, it has to be approved in exactly the same form by two consecutive general assemblies.[222] Failed
Minnesota 2004
2005
2006
2007
2009		 2011 A bill was sponsored in 2009 but failed to be brought up for a vote. An amendment was introduced again in 2011. The House and Senate bills passed.[223][224] Both are referred to other area. The bill would have been approved by majority by both the Senate and house by May 23, 2011. On May 11, 2011, the Senate passed the bill 38-27.[225] On May 22, 2011, an amendment was passed by the house by a vote of 70-62, and was placed on the ballot in the November 2012 election.[226]  Failed
New Hampshire 2006
2007		 2010 On February 17, 2010, a proposed constitutional amendment failed in the house by a 201-135 margin.[227][228] Constitutional amendments in New Hampshire require two-thirds approval from voters. Failed
New Jersey 2006
2007
2008		 2010 Bills to place an amendment on the ballot have all failed in the House or Senate Judiciary Committee. Failed
New Mexico 2007
2008
2009		 2010
2011
2013		 2014 A joint resolution was prefiled in the New Mexico legislature for the 2014 session.[229] The resolution would define marriage as one man and one woman for the state of New Mexico.[230] Failed
Pennsylvania 2006
2008
2009		 2010
2011
2013		 A joint resolution was introduced in the house of representatives with record low sponsorship on May 8, 2013. The bill would ban same-sex marriages and civil unions. Pennsylvania would become the first northeastern state with a marriage amendment. According to state law, the amendment must receive a majority vote from both chambers of the legislature in two consecutive sessions before voters are allowed to decide its fate. The soonest voters could see the measure is in 2015.[231][232] Failed
West Virginia 2009 2010
2011		 West Virginia senators proposed a constitutional amendment for the 2010 ballot that would have defined marriage as "a union between and man and a woman". The amendment was defeated.[233][234] Another proposition was introduced in January 2011[235] but failed to advance. Failed
Wyoming 2009 2011 In 2009, the house of representatives considered an amendment to the state constitution, House Joint Resolution 17 (also known as the "Defense of Marriage" resolution), defining marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The measure was defeated in the house on February 6, with 35 votes against and 25 in favor. On January 27, 2011, the Senate approved an amendment,[236] but it died in the house.[237] Failed

Efforts to ban same-sex unions by statute

The following consists of votes by statutory initiatives that ban same-sex marriage and/or civil unions and domestic partnerships:

State Date  Yes vote  No vote Description Final outcome
California March 2000 61% (4,618,673) 39% (2,909,370) Proposition 22. Amend the Family Code to say: Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.[238]1 Yes but ruled unconstitutional.2

Notes:

Lawsuits seeking to overturn statutory bans

The following lists cases seeking to overturn marriage bans:

State Case Date Vote for Vote against Description Restrictions unconstitutional? Final outcome
Minnesota Richard John Baker v. Gerald R. Nelson October 15, 1971 0 7 Minnesota Supreme Court ruled that Minnesota's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[239] The case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court, but dismissed on October 10, 1972.[240] No No
Kentucky Jones v. Callahan November 9, 1973 0 7 Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that Kentucky's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[241]  No  No
Washington Singer v. Hara October 1974 Failed Washington Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of same-sex couple who were denied a marriage license by their county clerk. Washington Court of Appeals's decision stating that state marriage statutes only applied to opposite-sex couples upheld.[242]  No  No
District of Columbia Dean v. District of Columbia' January 1995 0 9 District of Columbia Court of Appeals ruled that District's marriage statute applied only to opposite-sex couples.[243][244]  No  No
Hawaii Baehr v. Miike December 9, 1999 0 5 Hawaii Supreme Court ruled on May 5, 1993, in a 3 in favor to 1 against decision, that state must provide a compelling interest to restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples. Remanded case to lower courts for trial on the subject. On December 3, 1996, Judge Chang ruled that the state had not established any compelling interest in denying same-sex couples the ability to marry and that, even if it had, it failed to prove that the Hawaii statute was narrowly tailored to avoid unnecessary abridgement of constitutional rights. He enjoined the state from refusing to issue marriage licenses to otherwise-qualified same-sex couples.[245] The following day Chang stayed his ruling, acknowledging the "legally untenable" position couples would be in should the Supreme Court reverse him on appeal.[246] Hawaii Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[247]  No  No
Vermont Baker v. Vermont December 20, 1999 5 0 Vermont Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[248]  Yes  Legalized civil unions in Vermont by Vermont General Assembly
Alaska Brause v. Alaska Dept of Health & Social Services April 17, 2001 0 5 Alaska Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 1998 state constitutional amendment.[249]  No  No
Massachusetts Goodridge v. Department of Public Health November 18, 2003 4 3 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 180 days.[250]  Yes  Legalized same-sex marriage in Massachusetts on May 17, 2004
Arizona Harold Donald Standhardt and Tod Alan Keltner v. State of Arizona May 25, 2004 Failed Arizona Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of a unanimous Arizona Appellate Court ruling upholding statutory marriage ban.[251][252] No No
Louisiana Forum for Equality v McKeithen January 19, 2005 0 7 District Judge William Morvant of Baton Rouge struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Louisiana Supreme Court however upheld the constitutional amendment.[253] No No
Oregon Mary Li and Rebecca Kennedy et al. v. State of Oregon et al. April 2005 0 7 Oregon Supreme Court ruled that plaintiffs' arguments were moot in light of 2004 state constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage.[254] No No
New York Hernandez v. Robles July 6, 2006 2 4 New York Court of Appeals upheld New York's marriage statute did not allow same-sex marriage, and that there is no constitutional right to same-sex marriage.[255] No No
Georgia Perdue v. O'Kelley July 7, 2006 0 7 On May 16, 2006, Constance C. Russell of Fulton County Superior Court struck down the constitutional amendment on the grounds that it violated a provision of the state constitution requiring that an amendment cover only one subject. The Georgia Supreme Court however upheld the constitutional amendment.[256] No No
Washington Andersen v. King County July 26, 2006 4 5 Washington Supreme Court upholds Washington's statute banning same-sex marriage.[257] No No
New Jersey Lewis v. Harris October 25, 2006 7 0 New Jersey Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriage or something similar must be implemented in 100 days.[258]  Yes  Legalized civil unions in New Jersey by New Jersey General Assembly
Maryland Conaway v. Deane & Polyak September 2007 3 4 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's statute banning same-sex marriage.[259] No No
Michigan Pride at Work v. Granholm May 7, 2008 5 2 Michigan Supreme Court ruled that Michigan's constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage and civil unions also applies to domestic partner benefits.[260][261]  No  Constitution of Michigan prohibits domestic partner benefits for same-sex couples
California In re Marriage Cases May 15, 2008 4 3 California Supreme Court overturns Proposition 22 and rules that in 30 days, same-sex marriages must be legal.[262]  Yes  Same-sex marriage licenses issued in California from June 17, 2008 to November 5, 2008
 On November 5, 2008, Proposition 8 goes into effect banning same-sex marriage in the Constitution of California
Connecticut Kerrigan v. Commissioner of Public Health October 10, 2008 4 3 Connecticut Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 30 days.[263]  Yes  Legalized same-sex marriage in Connecticut on November 12, 2008
Iowa Varnum v. Brien April 2009 7 0 Iowa Supreme Court rules that same-sex marriages must be legal in 27 days.[264]  Yes  Legalized same-sex marriage in Iowa on April 27, 2009
California Strauss v. Horton May 26, 2009 1 6 California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.[265]  No California Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8; however, same-sex marriages performed before November 5, 2008, are also upheld.
New York Lewis v. New York State Department of Civil Service November 2009 3 2 The case challenging the recognition of same-sex marriages in the state of New York was heard by New York Court of Appeals and upheld the rights that came with the recognition of same-sex marriages.[266] Recognition upheld Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
Wisconsin McConkey v. Van Hollen June 30, 2010 0 7 Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds constitutional amendment.[267] No No
Wyoming Christiansen v. Christiansen June 2011 Allowed Wyoming Supreme Court allows two Wyoming residents to dissolve a legal relationship created under the laws of Canada.[268] Yes Couple can divorce in Wyoming
Maryland McConkey v. Van Hollen May 18, 2012 7 0 Maryland Court of Appeals upholds Maryland's recognition of out-of-state same-sex marriages.[269] Recognition upheld Continuing the recognition of same-sex marriages abroad.
Wisconsin Appling v. Doyle July 31, 2014 7 0 On November 4, 2009, Wisconsin Supreme Court declined to hear the challenge to Wisconsin's domestic partnership.[270] On June 20, 2011, the Circuit court Judge Dan Moeser ruled that the domestic partnership registry does not violate the state constitution, finding that the state "does not recognize domestic partnership in a way that even remotely resembles how the state recognizes marriage".[271] On December 21, 2012, District 4 Court of Appeals affirms Judge Moeser's decision in a unanimous ruling.[272] On July 31, 2014, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the domestic partnership law does not violate the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[273] Recognition upheld Wisconsin's domestic partnership law is upheld.
Montana Donaldson and Guggenheim v. State of Montana December 2012 3 4 Montana Supreme Court affirmed a lower court's dismissal of this case because the plaintiffs had not identified specific state statutes in their complaint. They did not seek the right to marry, but equal treatment for same-sex couples with respect to inheritance rights, health care decisions, and parenting. The Court invited the plaintiffs to file an amended complaint citing specific statutes,[274] which the plaintiffs, did on April 16, 2013.[275] No Pending (Lewis and Clark County District Court)
New Mexico Griego v. Oliver December 19, 2013 5 0 On 21 March 2013 ACLU filed a lawsuit in the Albuquerque District court on behalf of two New Mexico couples who are seeking the right to marry. On 19 December 2013 New Mexico's Supreme Court declared that denying marriage to same-sex couples is unconstitutional in the state.[276]  Yes Legalized same-sex marriage in New Mexico on December 19, 2013
Texas In Re Marriage of J.B. and H.B. June 19, 2015 n/a n/a County judge ruled statutory and constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in violation of the US constitution; appealed to 5th Texas Court of Appeals. The court says Texas's same-sex marriage ban is constitutional.[277] The Fifth Circuit denied en banc review. J.B. sought review from the Texas Supreme Court in February 2011 and that court requested briefs in October.[278] On July 3, 2013, the Texas Supreme Court sua sponte ordered supplemental merits briefing in light of United States v. Windsor.[279] Case dismissed on June 19, 2015 because a Petitioner died.
Texas Texas v. Naylor June 19, 2015 5 3 On January 7, 2011, the Third Court of Appeals in Austin in the case of State of Texas v. Angelique S. Naylor and Sabina Daly rejected, on procedural grounds, the Texas attorney general's appeal of a divorce granted by a lower court to a same-sex couple married in Massachusetts.[280][281] The appeal was still pending in December 2012.[282] Third Court of Appeals upheld in a 5-3 decision on June 19, 2015. The Court ruled that the Texas government had no standing to intervene in the divorce.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1 U.S.C. § 7
  2. ↑ 28 U.S.C. § 1738C
  3. ↑ Foley, Elise (March 16, 2011). "Democrats Aim For DOMA Repeal". Huffington Post.
  4. ↑ Petition for Certiorari (No 12-307). Retrieved December 8, 2012
  5. ↑ Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2013). "Supreme Court Bolsters Gay Marriage With Two Major Rulings". New York Times. Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Weber Introduces "State Marriage Defense Act of 2014"". Press Releases. US House of Representatives. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  7. ↑ Bradley, Gerard V. "The State Marriage Defense Act, January 10, 2014". Witherspoon Institute. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  8. ↑ Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2015). "Supreme Court Ruling Makes Same-Sex Marriage a Right Nationwide". New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  9. ↑ D.C. Dopmestic Partnership Program
  10. ↑ Ingram, Carl (August 24, 1994). "Senate OKs Bill on Rights for Unwed Couples". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  11. ↑ "Wilson: no to domestic partnership bill". The Sacramento Bee. September 12, 1994. p. A1. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  12. ↑ "Gay marriages get thumps up in state senate". The Deseret News. March 6, 1996. p. A2. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
  13. ↑ Civil Unions
  14. ↑ California Assembly Bill 1059, 1998
  15. ↑ California Senate Bill 75, 1999
  16. ↑ California Assembly Bill 26, 1999
  17. ↑ Vermont House Bill 847, 2000
  18. ↑ California Senate Bill 1049, 2001
  19. ↑ California Assembly Bill 25, 2001
  20. ↑ California Senate Bill 1575, 2002
  21. ↑ California Assembly Bill 2216, 2002
  22. ↑ California Assembly Bill 205, 2003
  23. ↑ New Jersey Domestic Partnership Act
  24. ↑ Summary of LD 1579
  25. ↑ California Assembly Bill 2208, 2004
  26. ↑ House passes bill; reactions; bill signed into law
  27. ↑ Ehrlich Vetoes Bill Extending Rights to Gay Couples
  28. ↑ California Assembly Bill 19, 2005
  29. ↑ California Assembly Bill 849, 2005
  30. ↑ California Senate Bill 565, 2005
  31. ↑ California Senate Bill 973, 2005
  32. ↑ California Senate Bill 1827, 2006
  33. ↑ California Assembly Bill 2051, 2006
  34. ↑ Cloyd, Wendy (December 15, 2006). "New Jersey Legislature Adopts Civil Unions". Citizen Link. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  35. ↑ Bill status of HB905
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  37. ↑ Sklar, Roberta (May 2, 2007). "Task Force hails Oregon Senate passage of domestic partnership legislation covering same-sex couples". The Task Force. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  38. ↑ Bill status of HB437
  39. ↑ "New York governor to propose legalizing same-sex marriage". CNN. April 14, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  40. ↑ California Assembly Bill 43, 2007
  41. ↑ California Assembly Bill 102, 2007
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  44. ↑ Luna, Brad (March 13, 2008). "WA domestic partnership expansion bill signed into law". Free Press. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
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  46. ↑ Jantzen, M. V. (May 16, 2008). "D.C. Council Passes Domestic Partner Law Expansion". DCist. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  47. ↑ Terrell, Steven (February 26, 2009). "Domestic partnership bill fails in Senate". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  48. ↑ Abel, David (April 8, 2009). "Vermont legalizes same-sex marriage". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  49. ↑ Ritter signs bill that will help gay couples
  50. ↑ Matthews, Chase (April 23, 2009). "Connecticut Gov. signs gay marriage into law". Chicago Pride. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  51. ↑ Goodnough, Abby (May 5, 2009). "Gay Marriage Advances in Maine". New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  52. ↑ Craig, Tim (May 5, 2009). "Uproar in D.C. as Same-Sex Marriage Gains". Washington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
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  54. ↑ "Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships". CNN. May 31, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  55. ↑ Love, Norma (June 3, 2009). "Gay Marriage: New Hampshire Makes Same-Sex Marriage Legal". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
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  57. ↑ Burroway, Jim (June 17, 2009). "Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships". Box Turtle Bulletin. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  58. ↑ Schwarzenegger signs Milk Day, marriage recognition into law
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  61. ↑ RI Lawmakers Back Funeral Rights For Gays
  62. ↑ "Gay marriage bill up for vote in NJ next week". Google. Associated Press. December 3, 2009.
  63. ↑ Citing Marriage, Tim Pawlenty Rejects Gay Rights Bill
  64. ↑ Hawaii Senate passes civil-unions bill with veto-proof majority, 18-7
  65. ↑ New York Law Requires Employers to Grant Funeral Leave Benefits to Same-Sex Partners Similar to Those Accorded to Other Employees
  66. ↑ California Assembly Bill 2055, 2010
  67. ↑ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
  68. ↑ Illinois Senate OK's Civil Unions For Gay & Lesbian Couples
  69. ↑ Illinois Governor Signs Historic Law, Extends a Measure of Fairness to All Couples
  70. ↑ Hawaii State Legislature 2011 Regular Session SB232 SD1
  71. ↑ Bill status of HB569
  72. ↑ Senate approves gay marriage; House passage not assured
  73. ↑ Maryland gay marriage bill dies with no final vote
  74. ↑ Colorado Senate Passes Civil Unions Bill
  75. ↑ House panel kills Colorado civil unions bill on 6-5 party-line vote
  76. ↑ Concerning reciprocity and statutory construction with regard to domestic partnerships
  77. ↑ Status of Senate Bill 30
  78. ↑ New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law
  79. ↑ Breaking News: House Passes Controversial Civil Unions Bill
  80. ↑ California Senate Bill 117, 2011
  81. ↑ California Senate Bill 651, 2011
  82. ↑ California Senate Bill 757, 2011
  83. ↑ "Washington becomes seventh state to recognize same-sex marriages". Thegavoice.com. 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  84. ↑ Same-Sex Marriage On New Jersey Senate Agenda
  85. ↑ Gay-marriage battle heating up in several states, including Maine
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  88. ↑ Votes for SB13-011
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  91. ↑ Status of House Bill 75
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  93. ↑ Bill Status of SB1
  94. ↑ Bill Status of SB10
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  96. 1 2 Wyoming House defeats bill aimed at legalizing same-sex marriages
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  98. ↑ "Legislation updates California marriage laws". The Sacramento Bee. June 30, 2014.
  99. ↑ "New law updates state code to use gender-neutral marriage terms". Los Angeles Times. July 7, 2014.
  100. ↑ SB 1211 Gender-specific references; revisions to certain terms in the Code of Virginia
  101. ↑ Rare win for LGBTQ Virginians as two equality bills pass full Senate vote
  102. ↑ Va. Delegate speaks out on discrimination as last two LGBT bills are killed
  103. ↑ Open States
  104. ↑ House Bill 2478
  105. ↑ Guam passes marriage equality and employment nondiscrimination acts
  106. ↑ Guam lawmakers pass LGBT bills
  107. ↑ passes Marriage Equality Act
  108. ↑ "Legislature reinforces same-sex marriage". Statesman Journal. February 25, 2016.
  109. ↑ House Bill 4127
  110. ↑ 2016 Regular Session HB 4127 Overview
  111. ↑ Senate Bill 150
  112. ↑ Governor signs raft of bills
  113. ↑ SB-1005 Marriage
  114. ↑ SB 1005: Modernizing Code Language to Reflect Marriage Equality
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  119. ↑ "Ban on gay marriage passes". Fredericksburg.com. 2006-11-07. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  120. ↑ Utah will ask Supreme Court to stop gay marriage during appeal
  121. ↑ Same-Sex Marriages Banned by Fla. House
  122. ↑ Bills OK'd Barring Homosexual marriage, adoption
  123. ↑ Askew signs bill to ban gay marriage
  124. ↑ Baim, Tracy (2010). Obama and the Gays: A Political Marriage. Create Space. p. 8.
  125. ↑ Homosexual Marriage Ban Signed
  126. ↑ "Overview of Gay Marriage". Lgbt-vmmlegal.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  127. ↑ This Is Where Marriage Equality Stands on Its 10th Birthday
  128. ↑ New Hampshire
  129. ↑ DOMESTIC RELATIONS CHAPTER 457 MARRIAGES
  130. ↑ New Hampshire Senate Bill 557, 1994
  131. ↑
  132. ↑ Hawaii bans same-sex marriages
  133. ↑ Utah may ignore gay unions
  134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 State Laws Prohibiting Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships
  135. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DEFINITION OR DISCRIMINATION? STATE MARRIAGE RECOGNITION STATUTES IN THE "SAME-SEX MARRIAGE" DEBATE
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  137. ↑ UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF IDAHO
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  139. ↑
  140. ↑ Lawmakers say no to same-sex marriages
  141. ↑ Georgia House of Representatives - 1995/1996 Sessions
  142. ↑ BILL STATUS OVERVIEW SB1038
  143. ↑ Alaska Bars Gay Marriage, Congress To Debate Issue
  144. ↑ Chapter 25.05. ALASKA MARRIAGE CODE Article 01 REQUIREMENTS FOR MARRIAGE Sec. 25.05.013. Same-sex marriages
  145. ↑ Same-sex marriage ban OK'd
  146. ↑ Governor signs bill prohibiting same-sex marriage
  147. ↑ Senators support bill banning gay marriages
  148. ↑ Governor signs ban on same-sex unions
  149. 1 2 House OK's ban on gay marriages
  150. 1 2 State Senate OK's gay marriage, sends bill to Engler
  151. ↑ Governor signs bill against gay unions
  152. ↑ The Bill
  153. ↑ North Carolina SB1487
  154. ↑ Senate Bill 1487 / S.L. 1995-588 (= H1452) S1
  155. ↑ Gay marriage ban becomes law State of Missouri will recognize only male-female unions
  156. ↑ Setback for same-sex marriage ban Lieutenant governor's tie-breaking vote dooms measure
  157. ↑ State Senate votes to ban homosexual marriages in PA
  158. ↑ Legislature passes same-sex marriage ban, Gov. Ridge says he will sign the measure
  159. 1 2 Mississippi joins ban on same-sex unions
  160. ↑ HB1004 - AN ACT TO PROVIDE THAT MARRIAGE SHALL ONLY BE BETWEEN A MAN AND WOMAN; AND TO REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE FOREIGN MARRIAGES BETWEEN PERSONS OF THE SAME SEX.
  161. ↑ PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO SENATE BILL NO. 2230
  162. ↑ SRC-AAA S.B. 334 75(R) BILL ANALYSIS
  163. ↑ Locke's veto of gay marriage ban stands
  164. ↑ HB 1589 Same sex marriages.
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  168. ↑ HOUSE JOURNAL ADDENDUM COMMUNICATIONS AND PETITIONS OFFICE OF THE SPEAKER
  169. ↑ Chiles lets gay marriage ban stand
  170. ↑ Resources on Minnesota Issues Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota
  171. ↑ Gay marriage ban vetoed
  172. ↑ "Washington Bans Gay Marriage". Chicago Tribune. February 8, 1998.
  173. ↑ Veto Vote
  174. ↑ Kentucky 1998 Regular Session; HB13
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  176. ↑ Puerto Rico House Bill 1013, 1999
  177. ↑ HB1450
  178. ↑ West Virginia Legislature passes same-sex marriage ban
  179. ↑ New Hampshire House Bill 1293, 2000
  180. ↑ Governor signs gay-marriage ban among flock of other bills
  181. ↑ New Hampshire House Bill 454, 2001
  182. ↑ Same-sex marriage ban
  183. ↑ American Samoa Senate rejects bill outlawing same sex marriages
  184. ↑ New Hampshire House Bill 553, 2003
  185. ↑ Perry Signs 'Defense of Marriage
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  188. ↑ Bill status of HB172
  189. ↑ HB 751 Marriage; affirmation.
  190. ↑ New Hampshire Senate Bill 427, 2004
  191. ↑ S.F. No. 0013 Same sex marriages
  192. ↑ New Hampshire House Bill 1415, 2008
  193. ↑ New Hampshire House Bill 453, 2009
  194. ↑ New Hampshire House Overwhelmingly Rejects Attempt to Repeal Marriage Rights
  195. ↑ Repealing New Hampshire’s Gay Marriage Law Is *Inexpedient To Legislate*
  196. ↑ Anti-gay marriage bill defeated in Senate
  197. ↑ New Hampshire House kills repeal of gay marriage law
  198. ↑ Maine Question 1, 2012
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  202. ↑ "04RS SB245". Lrc.ky.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  203. ↑ "Same-sex marriage ban going to voters Nov. 8 - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-05-22. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  204. ↑ "Idaho HJR 2 - Marriage Amendment Ballot Question - Key Vote - Project Vote Smart". Votesmart.org. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  205. ↑ SB 526 - Defining Marriage - Key Vote
  206. ↑ HB 2381 - Marriage Definition Constitutional Amendment - Key Vote
  207. ↑ JARED MILLER Star-Tribune capital bureau (2009-02-07). "Gay marriage ban falls in House". Trib.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  208. ↑ "West Virginia defeats marriage amendment | The Bilerico Project". Bilerico.com. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  209. ↑ NIKI KELLY (2010-01-29). "Amendment prohibiting gay marriage clears Senate". The Journal Gazette. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  210. ↑ Garcia, Michelle (2010-02-17). "NH House Rejects Gay Marriage Ban". Advocate.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  211. ↑ Fankhauser, Chris (2011-01-27). "Chadrad.com". Chadrad.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  212. ↑ NC General Assembly webmasters. "North Carolina General Assembly - Senate Bill 514 Information/History (2011-2012 Session)". Ncga.state.nc.us. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  213. ↑ Star Tribune, Tom Wallace (2011-05-22). "Voters to determine the future of marriage, House decides". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  214. ↑ Indiana 3rd Reading House Marriage Amendment ONLY
  215. ↑ Carden, Dan (14 October 2014). "Bosma declares marriage amendment dead". NWI. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  216. ↑ Eckholm, Erik (December 20, 2013). "Federal Judge Rules That Same-Sex Marriage Is Legal in Utah". The New York Times.
  217. ↑ Delaware Senate Defeats Gay Marriage Ban
  218. ↑ Indiana House Passes Gay Marriage Ban
  219. ↑ Indiana House amends marriage ban language
  220. ↑ Indiana House approves constitutional amendment to ban gay marriages
  221. ↑ Indiana Senate approves diluted gay marriage ban
  222. ↑ Iowa's governor-elect wants vote to ban gay marriage, criticizes senate leader
  223. ↑ Minnesota Gay Marriage Ban Amendment Clears First Hurdle
  224. ↑ Minnesota Gay Marriage Ban Amendment Clears House Panel
  225. ↑ "Minn. Senate OKs Vote on Gay-Marriage Ban". The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011.
  226. ↑ "House sends same-sex marriage ban to 2012 ballot". Minnesota Public Radio. May 22, 2011.
  227. ↑ NH House rejects two anti-gay marriage measures
  228. ↑ N.H. House Rejects Gay Marriage Ban
  229. ↑ Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  230. ↑ "SJR06". Nmlegis.gov. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  231. ↑ "Bill Information (History) - House Bill 1349; Regular Session 2013-2014 - PA General Assembly". Legis.state.pa.us. 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  232. ↑ Daryl Metcalfe introduces anti-gay bill
  233. ↑ Lawmakers Study Amendment Banning Gay Marriage
  234. ↑ W.Va. Gay Marriage Ban Fails in House
  235. ↑ West Virginia Senators David Nohe, Donna Boley Back Gay Marriage Ban
  236. ↑ (Wyo.)-House Now Gets Chance At Gay Marriage Bill
  237. ↑ Same-sex marriage constitutional amendment dies in Wyoming House after missing deadline
  238. ↑ Full Results
  239. ↑ 291 Minn. 310 (Minn. 1971), 409 U.S. 810 (1972).
  240. ↑ Baker v. Nelson, 409 810 (U.S. 1972) (“The appeal is dismissed for want of a substantial federal question.”).
  241. ↑ Cantor, et.al, Donald J. (2006). Same-Sex Marriage: The Legal and Psychological Evolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 117–8. Kentucky Court of Appeals: Jones v. Callahan, November 9, 1973
  242. ↑ "Gay Marriage’s Jewish Pioneer", Eli Sanders, The Tablet, June 6, 2012.
  243. ↑ Dean v. District of Columbia
  244. ↑ Dean v. District of Columbia
  245. ↑ Baehr v. Miike, Circuit Court for the First Circuit, Hawaii No. 91-1394
  246. ↑ Oshiro, Sandra (1996-12-06). "Hawaiian judge puts same-sex marriage ruling on hold". The Nation. Thailand: Reuter. p. A12. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  247. ↑ Baehr v. Lewin, 74 Haw. 530, 852 P.2d 44 (1993), reconsideration and clarification granted in part, 74 Haw. 645, 852 P.2d 74 (1993).
  248. ↑ Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864
  249. ↑ Brause v Alaska Dept of Health & Social Services (04/17/2001) sp-5392
  250. ↑ Boston Globe: Decision: Hillary Goodridge & others vs. Department of Public Health & another, November 18, 2003, accessed March 19, 2011
  251. ↑ Kiritsky, Laura (October 16, 2003). "Gay marriage setback in Arizona". Bay Windows. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  252. ↑ "Arizona high court upholds same-sex marriage ban". The Advocate. May 27, 2004. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  253. ↑ Same-Sex Marriage in Louisiana
  254. ↑ Mary Li and Rebecca Kennedy, et al. v. State of Oregon, et al.
  255. ↑ "Hernandez v Robles (2006 NY Slip Op 05239)". Courts.state.ny.us. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  256. ↑ Perdue v. O'Kelley, 280 Ga. 732 (2006)
  257. ↑ http://www.courts.wa.gov/newsinfo/content/pdf/759341opn.pdf
  258. ↑ Lewis v. Harris
  259. ↑ Rich, Eric, and Wagner, John (September 18, 2007). "Maryland High Court Upholds Same-Sex Marriage Ban". Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  260. ↑ Public Employers in Michigan May Not Offer Same-Sex Domestic Partner Benefits, Michigan Supreme Court Rules
  261. ↑ Michigan high court says gay partners can't get health benefits
  262. ↑ Text of the decision
  263. ↑ Majority opinion
  264. ↑ Iowa Supreme Court decision, page 15.
  265. ↑ The court's ruling in Strauss
  266. ↑ Grossman, Joanna L. (November 24, 2009). "New York's Highest Court Upholds Benefits for Same-Sex Spouses in Narrow Ruling".
  267. ↑ Supreme Court of Wisconsin
  268. ↑ Wyoming High Court Grants Divorce to Same-Sex Couple
  269. ↑ Belczyk, Jaclyn (May 18, 2012). "Maryland high court grants same-sex divorce". The Jurist. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
  270. ↑ "Domestic partnership registry lawsuit rejected", Green Bay Press Gazette Accessed 8 November 2009.
  271. ↑ Judge rules Wisconsin same sex registry is constitutional
  272. ↑ Marley, Patrick (2012-12-21). "Wisconsin appeals court upholds domestic partner registry". Jsonline.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  273. ↑ "Wisconsin Supreme Court upholds state's domestic partner registry". jsonline.com. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  274. ↑ "Montana Supreme Court rejects equal benefits for gay couples". Missoulian. December 18, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  275. ↑ "ACLU sues state of Montana over benefits for gay couples". Missoulian. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  276. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130323001646/http://www.nclrights.org/site/PageNavigator/issues_and_cases/Cases/issue_caseDocket_griego_v_oliver.html. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved February 19, 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  277. ↑ Dwyer Arce (September 1, 2010). "Texas appeals court upholds same-sex marriage ban". JURIST - Paper Chase.
  278. ↑ Wright, John (October 20, 2011). "Gay divorce cases before Texas Supreme Court". Dallas Voice. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  279. ↑ Order for Supplementary Briefing by Texas Supreme Court July 3, 2013 Accessed July 8, 2013
  280. ↑ Kreytak, Steven (January 7, 2011). "Same-sex divorce stands under appellate ruling: Attorney general did not have standing to intervene in case, court declares". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  281. ↑ Rozen, Miriam (December 17, 2012). "Tex Parte Blog: Lawyer in two same-sex divorce cases awaits Texas Supreme Court decision on petitions for review". Texas Lawyer. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  282. ↑ Rozen, Miriam (December 17, 2012). "Lawyer in two same-sex divorce cases awaits Texas Supreme Court decision on petitions for review". Texas Lawyer. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
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