Saharat Thai Doem

Saharat Thai Doem
สหรัฐไทยเดิม
Subdivision of Thailand
←
1943–1945 →

Flag

Capital Kengtung
Historical era World War II
 • Handover of the territory by the Japanese 18 August 1943
 • Reintegration of the territories into Burma 15 August 1945
Today part of  Myanmar
Territorial claims of Thailand in neighbouring states which were used as a justification for the annexation
The northern loop on Highway 1285 from Mae Hong Son was based on the original network of roads built in 1943 to connect Saharat Thai Doem with the rest of Thailand

Saharat Thai Doem (Thai: สหรัฐไทยเดิม 'Unified former Thai Territories') is a former administrative division of Thailand. It encompassed the parts of Shan State of British Burma annexed by the Thai government after the Japanese invasion of Burma.

By means of this annexation Axis-aligned Thailand expanded northwards to the 22nd parallel north and gained a border with China. Chiang Tung (Keng Tung) was the administrative headquarters of the province.[1]

Thailand was still allied with Japan when the war ended, but the United States proposed a solution. In 1946 Thailand agreed to hand back the territories occupied during Japanese presence in the country as the price for admission to the United Nations, consequently all wartime claims against Siam were dropped and the country received a substantial package of American aid.[2] Then the Thai-occupied region in Eastern Shan state returned to its pre-war status and became again part of Burma.

Geography

The territory of the Northern Thai province was mountainous, except for a few small areas, such as the intermontane basin of Kengtung. The Salween River marked the western border of the new province. The northernmost point was the frontier town of Pangsang.

There were few roads connecting the districts and most of the population lived in small mountain villages. The area was mostly inhabited by Tai Yai people, but there were also sizeable communities of Lahu, Akha and Wa people, as well as those belonging to the Karen ethnic group, including the Red Karen and the Kayan people.

History

Thai Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram signed a secret agreement with the Japanese Empire on 14 December 1941 and committed the Thai armed forces to participate in the planned Malayan Campaign and Burma Campaign. An alliance between Thailand and Japan was signed on 21 December 1941. On 25 January 1942, the Thai government, believing the Allies beaten, declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom. As a reward for entering into a military alliance with them, the Japanese agreed to return to Thailand Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Terengganu, the four Malayan provinces ceded to the British in 1909, as well as parts of Shan State in British Burma that were deemed "lost territories" of Thailand.[3][4]

In accordance with the Thai military alliance with Japan that was signed on 21 December 1941, the Japanese agreed that the area of Eastern Shan State east of the Salween were to be under Thai administration.

In 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army accompanied by the Thai Phayap Army invaded the Federated Shan States from Thailand. The defense of the Shan States had been left to the Nationalist Chinese forces, upon the request of the British. The 93rd Division of the Chinese Army defended the Keng Tung, while the 249th and 55th Divisions guarded from the Kengtung to Karenni States along the Thai border. The Japanese forces with superior air power went on to dislodge the Nationalist Chinese forces by November 1942.[5] The IJA allowed the Phayap Army to occupy all of Kengtung State and the four trans-Salween districts of Möng Tang, Möng Hang, Möng Kyawt and Möng Hta, of Mongpan State. Following the existing agreement between Thai Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Phibun) and the Japanese Empire, on 18 August 1943, the Japanese government agreed to the Thai annexation of Kengtung and part of Mongpan State (as well as the annexation of Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah, Perlis states and nearby islands in Malaya.)[6] The Thai government wanted the two districts of Möngmaü and Mehsakun of Mawkmai of the southern Shan states as well as part of Kantarawadi in the Karenni states, all located east of the Salween River, but the Japanese assigned them to their client State of Burma in September 1943.[7]

The Thai army would remain there until the end of the war although the Thai government began to alter its position when the tide of war began to favor the allies. After the Phibun government fell in August 1944, the new government of Khuang Aphaiwong communicated to the British government it renounced all claims to the Shan states and northern Malaya, and that it would immediately return the territories to Britain. The Churchill government did not accept the Thai overture, and was prepared to retaliate.[8] The Thai army evacuated the two Shan states only in August 1945.[9]

Administration

A rudimentary administration was set up early in the invasion with Kengtung as the centre. Made up mostly of small rural communities, during the occupation the Thai territory in Shan State remained a largely forgotten place. Wounded or ill Thai soldiers who were sent to Bangkok were shocked that there was no knowledge or concern about the hardships of the Northern Thai Army.[10]

Authorities

Thai Military governor in Kengtung and Möngpan

Administrative divisions

Saharat Thai Doem was divided into twelve districts (amphoe), to which later a further district was added. Mueang Phan was a special district.[11]

Name Thai corresponding to Burmese
1 Mueang Chiang Tung เมืองเชียงตุง Kengtung District
2 Mueang Yong เมืองยอง Mong Yawng Township
3 Mueang Pha Yak เมืองพยาค Mong Hpayak District
4 Mueang Yu เมืองยู้
5 Mueang Ching เมืองชิง
6 Mueang Ma เมืองมะ
7 Mueang Yang เมืองยาง Mong Yang Township
8 Mueang Khak เมืองขาก
9 Mueang Len เมืองเลน
10 Mueang Ko เมืองโก
11 Mueang Sat เมืองสาด Mong Hsat Township
12 Mueang Hang เมืองหาง Mong Hang Village, Mong Tong Township
- Mueang Phan* เมืองพาน The four districts of Möng Tang, Möng Hang, Möng Kyawt and Möng Hta belonging to Mong Pan Township

Historical events

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ronald Bruce St. John, The Land Boundaries of Indochina: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, p. 20
  2. ↑ David Porter Chandler & David Joel Steinberg eds. In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History. p. 388
  3. ↑ "A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941-45"
  4. ↑ "สงครามมหาเอเซียบูรพา - จากวันวีรไทย ถึง วันประกาศสงคราม". samphan. I See History dot com. September 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  5. ↑ Aung Tun 2009: 195–196
  6. ↑ Aung Tun 2009: 202
  7. ↑ Aung Tun 2009: 203–204, 205–206
  8. ↑ Aung Tun 2009: 205
  9. ↑ Seekins 2006: 251
  10. ↑ Bangkok Post - A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941-45 by Andrew Forbes in Axis History Forum
  11. ↑ "ประกาสกองบันชาการทหานสูงสุด เรื่องการปกครองสหรัถไทยเดิม" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกสา (in Thai). 60 (31ก): 1082–1083. 15 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2486. Check date values in: |date= (help)

Bibliography

Coordinates: 19°15′N 101°30′E / 19.250°N 101.500°E / 19.250; 101.500

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