STL polyomavirus

STL polyomavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Family: Polyomaviridae
Genus: Deltapolyomavirus
Species: STL polyomavirus

STL polyomavirus (STLPyV, also known as Saint Louis polyomavirus or Human polyomavirus 11) is a virus of the polyomavirus family that infects human hosts. It was first reported in 2013 and is most closely related to MW polyomavirus.[1] It has been identified mostly in stool samples from children and has been detected in a variety of geographic locations.[2]

Discovery

STL polyomavirus was first discovered in 2013 in a stool sample from a healthy child in Malawi; the same research group then detected the virus in stool from children in The Gambia and Saint Louis, Missouri (after which the virus was named).[1] The designation "STL polyomavirus" was included in the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses proposed classification of polyomaviruses. It was the 11th human polyomavirus to be discovered.[3]

Genome

The organization of the STLPyV genome is typical of polyomaviruses. At around 4.8 kilobase pairs in length, it contains genes for the small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen, a novel additional tumor antigen, and three viral coat proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3.[1] It is most closely related to MW polyomavirus, also first isolated from a child in Malawi.[4] Different STLPyV isolates have a relatively large amount of sequence variation, up to approximately 5%; this pattern is similar to both MWPyV and the much better characterized BK polyomavirus.[1][4][5]

A distinctive characteristic of the STLPyV genome is its alternatively spliced tumor antigen; in addition to the small and large tumor antigens highly conserved in polyomaviruses, STLPyV also expresses a third tumor antigen designated 229T, which contains a novel fusion of portions of the small and large tumor antigen sequences.[1]

Taxonomy

Among the human polyomaviruses, STLPyV is most closely related to MWPyV; like MWPyV, its genome suggests different ancestries for the large tumor antigen and the major capsid protein VP1, implying that the virus might have evolved from an ancestral recombination event.[1][4]

In the 2015 taxonomic update to the polyomavirus group, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses classified STLPyV in the genus Deltapolyomaviridae, whose type species is Human polyomavirus 6. This group contains only four viruses, all of which infect humans: HPyV6, HPyV7, MW polyomavirus, and STL polyomavirus.[3]

Prevalence

All known human polyomaviruses are fairly common in healthy adult populations and are usually asymptomatic. In a study that profiled polyomavirus seroprevalence, or prevalence of detectable antibodies against viral proteins indicating either past or present exposure in immunocompetent adults, the estimate of STLPyV prevalence was approximately 70%, with an age distribution consistent with transmission of maternal antibodies combined with early childhood infection.[6] Studies of the presence of viral DNA, indicating active viral replication, suggest STLPyV prevalence in the range of 1-2% of children.[1][2][7]

Clinical manifestations

As with many recently discovered human polyomaviruses, the clinical significance of MWPyV is poorly characterized. It has been repeatedly found in stool samples from both healthy children and those suffering from diarrhea, with no obvious causal association.[2] A variant was isolated from samples of warts on a patient diagnosed with WHIM syndrome (the same surgical sample from which MWPyV had previously been identified);[8] this rare disease is associated with susceptibility to human papillomavirus infections, but it is unclear whether the presence of MWPyV or STLPyV in this setting is clinically significant.[8][9]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lim, Efrem S.; Reyes, Alejandro; Antonio, Martin; Saha, Debasish; Ikumapayi, Usman N.; Adeyemi, Mitchell; Stine, O. Colin; Skelton, Rebecca; Brennan, Daniel C.; Mkakosya, Rajhab S.; Manary, Mark J.; Gordon, Jeffrey I.; Wang, David (February 2013). "Discovery of STL polyomavirus, a polyomavirus of ancestral recombinant origin that encodes a unique T antigen by alternative splicing". Virology. 436 (2): 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.12.005.
  2. 1 2 3 Ehlers, Bernhard; Wieland, Ulrike (August 2013). "The novel human polyomaviruses HPyV6, 7, 9 and beyond". APMIS. 121 (8): 783–795. doi:10.1111/apm.12104. PMID 23656581.
  3. 1 2 Polyomaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of, Viruses; Calvignac-Spencer, S; Feltkamp, MC; Daugherty, MD; Moens, U; Ramqvist, T; Johne, R; Ehlers, B (29 February 2016). "A taxonomy update for the family Polyomaviridae.". Archives of Virology. 161: 1739–50. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2794-y. PMID 26923930.
  4. 1 2 3 Siebrasse, E. A.; Reyes, A.; Lim, E. S.; Zhao, G.; Mkakosya, R. S.; Manary, M. J.; Gordon, J. I.; Wang, D. (2012). "Identification of MW Polyomavirus, a Novel Polyomavirus in Human Stool". Journal of Virology. 86 (19): 10321–6. doi:10.1128/JVI.01210-12. PMID 22740408.
  5. ↑ Rockett, Rebecca J.; Sloots, Theo P.; Bowes, Sharleen; O’Neill, Nicholas; Ye, Suifang; Robson, Jenny; Whiley, David M.; Lambert, Stephen B.; Wang, David; Nissen, Michael D.; Bialasiewicz, Seweryn; Qiu, Jianming (8 May 2013). "Detection of Novel Polyomaviruses, TSPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, HPyV9 and MWPyV in Feces, Urine, Blood, Respiratory Swabs and Cerebrospinal Fluid". PLoS ONE. 8 (5): e62764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062764.
  6. ↑ Lim, Efrem S.; Meinerz, Natalie M.; Primi, Blake; Wang, David; Garcea, Robert L. (September 2014). "Common Exposure to STL Polyomavirus During Childhood". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (9): 1559–1561. doi:10.3201/eid2009.140561.
  7. ↑ Li, Ke; Zhang, Chi; Zhao, Rong; Xue, Ying; Yang, Jian; Peng, Junping; Jin, Qi (May 2015). "The prevalence of STL polyomavirus in stool samples from Chinese children". Journal of Clinical Virology. 66: 19–23. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.017.
  8. 1 2 Pastrana, D. V.; FitzGerald, P. C.; Phan, G. Q.; Raiji, M. T.; Murphy, P. M.; McDermott, D. H.; Velez, D.; Bliskovsky, V.; McBride, A. A.; Buck, C. B. (24 October 2013). "A Divergent Variant of the Eleventh Human Polyomavirus Species, Saint Louis Polyomavirus". Genome Announcements. 1 (5): e00812–13–e00812–13. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00812-13.
  9. ↑ Buck, C. B.; Phan, G. Q.; Raiji, M. T.; Murphy, P. M.; McDermott, D. H.; McBride, A. A. (2012). "Complete Genome Sequence of a Tenth Human Polyomavirus". Journal of Virology. 86 (19): 10887. doi:10.1128/JVI.01690-12. PMID 22966183.
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