Isotopes of ruthenium
Naturally occurring ruthenium (Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.
Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (87Ru) to 119.95 u (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, excepting 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.
Relative atomic mass: 101.07(2).
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[1][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
87Ru | 44 | 43 | 86.94918(64)# | 50# ms [>1.5 µs] | β+ | 87Tc | 1/2−# | ||
88Ru | 44 | 44 | 87.94026(43)# | 1.3(3) s [1.2(+3−2) s] | β+ | 88Tc | 0+ | ||
89Ru | 44 | 45 | 88.93611(54)# | 1.38(11) s | β+ | 89Tc | (7/2)(+#) | ||
90Ru | 44 | 46 | 89.92989(32)# | 11.7(9) s | β+ | 90Tc | 0+ | ||
91Ru | 44 | 47 | 90.92629(63)# | 7.9(4) s | β+ | 91Tc | (9/2+) | ||
91mRu | 80(300)# keV | 7.6(8) s | β+ (>99.9%) | 91Tc | (1/2−) | ||||
IT (<.1%) | 91Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (<.1%) | 90Mo | ||||||||
92Ru | 44 | 48 | 91.92012(32)# | 3.65(5) min | β+ | 92Tc | 0+ | ||
93Ru | 44 | 49 | 92.91705(9) | 59.7(6) s | β+ | 93Tc | (9/2)+ | ||
93m1Ru | 734.40(10) keV | 10.8(3) s | β+ (78%) | 93Tc | (1/2)− | ||||
IT (22%) | 93Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (.027%) | 92Mo | ||||||||
93m2Ru | 2082.6(9) keV | 2.20(17) µs | (21/2)+ | ||||||
94Ru | 44 | 50 | 93.911360(14) | 51.8(6) min | β+ | 94Tc | 0+ | ||
94mRu | 2644.55(25) keV | 71(4) µs | (8+) | ||||||
95Ru | 44 | 51 | 94.910413(13) | 1.643(14) h | β+ | 95Tc | 5/2+ | ||
96Ru | 44 | 52 | 95.907598(8) | Observationally Stable[n 3] | 0+ | 0.0554(14) | |||
97Ru | 44 | 53 | 96.907555(9) | 2.791(4) d | β+ | 97mTc | 5/2+ | ||
98Ru | 44 | 54 | 97.905287(7) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.0187(3) | |||
99Ru | 44 | 55 | 98.9059393(22) | Stable[n 4] | 5/2+ | 0.1276(14) | |||
100Ru | 44 | 56 | 99.9042195(22) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.1260(7) | |||
101Ru[n 5] | 44 | 57 | 100.9055821(22) | Stable[n 4] | 5/2+ | 0.1706(2) | |||
101mRu | 527.56(10) keV | 17.5(4) µs | 11/2− | ||||||
102Ru[n 5] | 44 | 58 | 101.9043493(22) | Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 0.3155(14) | |||
103Ru[n 5] | 44 | 59 | 102.9063238(22) | 39.26(2) d | β− | 103Rh | 3/2+ | ||
103mRu | 238.2(7) keV | 1.69(7) ms | IT | 103Ru | 11/2− | ||||
104Ru[n 5] | 44 | 60 | 103.905433(3) | Observationally Stable[n 6] | 0+ | 0.1862(27) | |||
105Ru[n 5] | 44 | 61 | 104.907753(3) | 4.44(2) h | β− | 105Rh | 3/2+ | ||
106Ru[n 5] | 44 | 62 | 105.907329(8) | 373.59(15) d | β− | 106Rh | 0+ | ||
107Ru | 44 | 63 | 106.90991(13) | 3.75(5) min | β− | 107Rh | (5/2)+ | ||
108Ru | 44 | 64 | 107.91017(12) | 4.55(5) min | β− | 108Rh | 0+ | ||
109Ru | 44 | 65 | 108.91320(7) | 34.5(10) s | β− | 109Rh | (5/2+)# | ||
110Ru | 44 | 66 | 109.91414(6) | 11.6(6) s | β− | 110Rh | 0+ | ||
111Ru | 44 | 67 | 110.91770(8) | 2.12(7) s | β− | 111Rh | (5/2+) | ||
112Ru | 44 | 68 | 111.91897(8) | 1.75(7) s | β− | 112Rh | 0+ | ||
113Ru | 44 | 69 | 112.92249(8) | 0.80(5) s | β− | 113Rh | (5/2+) | ||
113mRu | 130(18) keV | 510(30) ms | (11/2−) | ||||||
114Ru | 44 | 70 | 113.92428(25)# | 0.53(6) s | β− (>99.9%) | 114Rh | 0+ | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 113Rh | ||||||||
115Ru | 44 | 71 | 114.92869(14) | 740(80) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 115Rh | |||
β−, n (<..1%) | 114Rh | ||||||||
116Ru | 44 | 72 | 115.93081(75)# | 400# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 116Rh | 0+ | ||
117Ru | 44 | 73 | 116.93558(75)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 117Rh | |||
118Ru | 44 | 74 | 117.93782(86)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 118Rh | 0+ | ||
119Ru | 44 | 75 | 118.94284(75)# | 170# ms [>300 ns] | |||||
120Ru | 44 | 76 | 119.94531(86)# | 80# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ |
- ↑ Abbreviations:
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
- ↑ Believed to undergo β+β+ decay to 96Mo with a half-life over 6.7×1016 years
- 1 2 3 4 5 Theoretically capable of spontaneous fission
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Fission product
- ↑ Believed to undergo β−β− decay to 104Pd
Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (registration required (help)).
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in:
|access-date=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of technetium | Isotopes of ruthenium | Isotopes of rhodium |
Table of nuclides |
Isotopes of the chemical elements | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He | ||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | ||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | ||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn | |
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu | |||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr | |||
|