Roux de Marcilly

Roux de Marcilly - sometimes spelled Marsilly[1] -, (born in Nîmes around 1623 and dead in Paris on June 22, 1669) is said to be the head and coordinator of a plot against King of France Louis XIV in 1668. In a socio-political context of persecution of Huguenots and famine, the plot was on a European scale. The conspiracy aimed at overturning Louis XIV’s government and change into republics provinces like Provence, Dauphiné and Languedoc, with the military support of Switzerland, Spain[2] and United Netherlands.

While living in London, Roux de Marcilly was betrayed, denounced in May 1668, illegally kidnapped in Switzerland and jailed, before he was condemned to death[3] by “breaking on the wheel” in Paris on the 21st of June 1669,[4] after being assisted by minister Jean Daillé.[5]

In his historical essay Le Masque de Fer (The Iron Mask) released in 1965,[6] French novelist Marcel Pagnol identified the famous masked prisoner (known as “The Man in the Iron Mask”) as Louis XIV’s twin brother who was born after him, and thus legitimate heir of the crown. This twin, identified with James de la Cloche in his youth, was said to have been sentenced to life imprisonment after he conspired against his brother with Roux. Coveting his brothers’ crown, he is likely to be a major figure of the conspiracy.

Denunciation and sentence of the conspirator

In London, at the start of May 1668, Sir Samuel Morland, a diplomat and ancient member of the Parliament, earned the trust of Roux de Marcilly. Morland denounced the “conspirator” to M. de Rouvigny, ambassador extraordinary of France in London. Skeptical at first, Ruvigny soon decided to arrange a dinner in the honour of Roux, aiming to hear his plans: During this dinner, Morland asked Roux a series of questions prepared in advance by M. de Ruvigny who, hidden in a cabinet, wrote down all the answers.

Straight after, M. de Ruvigny sent a long letter to King Louis XIV, giving all the details to denounce Roux, his accomplices, contacts and current moves. He even mentioned about a possible attack against the king when saying, when describing Roux, that “that embodied devil says a good blow will put everyone at rest”.

However, this letter provided little information on the identity of Roux de Marcilly and his occupations in London, only briefly referring to a military past.[7] M. de Ruvigny also denounced an accomplice called Balthazar based in Geneva, and named the Marquis of Castelo Rodrigo in Spain, King of England Charles II (first cousin of Louis XIV) and his brother the Duke of York as being well aware of the plot and linked with Roux.[8]

In spite of his long meetings with the Duke of York and State Secretary Md Arlington, Roux said he was disappointed by the lack of cooperation of England, reluctant to launch the first attacks on France. On the other hand, Roux was much more confident about the massive support of Spain and Switzerland. Marcel Pagnol reckons that Roux’s plan had very good chances of success, because of the socio-political context of persecution of Protestants and famine.

After Ruvigny’s report, Roux, who had been warned of the danger, fled to Switzerland where he took refuge with his friend Balthazar at the end of February 1669. In defiance of the swiss sovereignty,[9] Louis XIV had him kidnapped. On the 19th of May 1669 (almost one year after the letter that denounced him), Roux was made prisoner and sent to the Bastille, where the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Mgr de Lionne questions him under torture. Louis XIV had his trial sped up to only 2 days, and Roux de Marcilly was executed by “breaking on the wheel” in public in Paris on the 21st of June 1669. Roux was said to have been gagged for his execution.[10]

Martin the valet

Active research went on in the days following the execution of Roux de Marcilly, much likely due to avowals and revelations he gave away while being tortured. The correspondence between minister Lionne and Colbert de Croissy quoted a certain “Martin”, Roux’s valet, as one of the accomplices.

According to Pagnol, who gives a very personal interpretation of the correspondence – amongst which a letter from Charles II to his sister Henrietta of England –, “Martin the valet” was arrested in England and handed over to the French in Calais in early July 1669. In reality, this accomplice was probably, instead of Roux’s valet (even if a real valet named Martin did exist), Louis XIV’s twin brother, who was conspiring with Roux in order to take hold of the kingdom.[11]

Pagnol traced, still through the interpretation of some correspondence, his conveying to Pinerolo, where he was jailed under the identity of Eustache Dauger, another fake name (but again of someone who did exist) in order to hide his true identity. Later, after being transferred to Sainte Marguerite Island and to the Bastille, he was condemned to wear a mask.

The double dealing of Charles II

Apparently, according to the examination of M. de Ruvigny’s letter, the role of King Charles II of England in this conspiracy went further than only hiding it from his cousin. He is even said to have given two audiences to Roux de Marcilly, and some French provinces were promised to England after the fall of Louis XIV.[8]

However, what was also revealed in this letter was that Roux regretted the lack of cooperation of England, reluctant to launch the first attacks on France. Pagnol explained this by the fact that a high amount of money was secretly given to Charles II by Louis XIV. Charles II might have followed the “wait and see” tactic, and waited for Spain and Switzerland to start the hostilities before launching the battle with a more favorable situation. Attacked on several fronts, French forces would have probably been defeated.

Charles II is supposed to be the one who arranged contact between the twin and the conspirator Roux, after revealing to the twin his filiation and identity, while he was named James de la Cloche.

During the Marcilly trial, Charles II summoned Ambassador Colbert de Croissy in order to have him transmit to Louis XIV his regrets for he had not had “the slighest knowledge of the pernicious aims of this villainous [Roux]” on the lands of his kingdom.

Sources and further reading

References

  1. ↑ Archives de la Bastille: 1681, 1665-1674, See sources
  2. ↑ Ravaisson-Mollien, François Nicolas Napoléon; Ravaisson-Mollien, Louis Jean Félix (1874). Archives de la Bastille : documents inédits recueillis et publiés. 7 : Règne de Louis XIV. A. Durand et Pedone-Lauriel. « Lettre de M. Patouillet à la Régente d'Espagne du 27 mai 1669 »
  3. ↑ The sentence against Roux de Marcilly is given in a bibliographical note available in the Archives of the French National Library (reference number N° FRBNF36755131).
  4. ↑ Lang, Andrew (1903). The Valet's Tragedy and Other Studies.
  5. ↑ (French) correspondance of Pierre Bayle 9 January 1684.
  6. ↑ Pagnol, Marcel (1965). Le Masque de fer. Paris: Éditions de Provence.
  7. ↑ The ambassador M. de Ruvigny wrote to Louis XIV that the conspirator Roux de Marcilly was a Huguenot, born twelve or fifteen miles away from Nîmes, owner of a house called Marcilly eighteen miles away from Orléans, served as a soldier in Catalonia.
  8. 1 2 According to Monsieur de Ruvigny’s report that denounced the conspiracy of Roux de Marcilly, it was agreed that the king of England would "get the Guyenne, Poitou, Brittany and Normandy provinces". Roux is said to have quoted a conversation with the Duke of York, and Md Arlington.
  9. ↑ After Roux was abducted on their territory, Swiss people protested and demanded the prisoner to be returned. French historian Haag wrote in La France protestante: “Outraged by the violation of their territory, Swiss people put the French emissaries on trial and had them sentenced to death by contumacy.”
  10. ↑ Marcel Pagnol quotes the testimony of French magistrate M. d’Ormesson.
  11. ↑ The false identification to Martin the valet led to some theories saying that the man in the iron mask was a random valet, what Pagnol considered as highly unrealistic, given the luxury prison conditions he enjoyed during 34 years.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/7/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.