Ridotto

'Il Ridotto' (Italian : "The Private Room") was a wing of Venice's Palazzo Dandolo near the church of San Moisè. In 1638 it was converted at the behest of Venice's city leaders into a government-owned gambling house. Importantly, Il Ridotto was the site of the West's first public, legal mercantile casino.[1]

Etymology and usage

The term "ridotto" (plural: "ridotti") comes from the Italian word "ridurre," meaning to "close off" or "make private." Whatever its etymology, it ordinarily meant the foyer of a theater, where people would go for refreshments during intermissions. It also referred to several illegal, privately owned gambling clubs that offered games of chance to members of Venice's nobility in the city's Rialto District. These clubs came into being after the Venetian authorities attempted to ban games of chance that had spontaneously sprung up in the city's streets. Realizing it could not effectively prevent citizens from wagering on dice and card games, the Great Council of Venice opened its "Ridotto" in 1638 on the occasion of the city's annual Spring Carnival.[2]

Casino Era

According to the casino's original charter, access to Il Ridotto was open to the public. However, due to its high stakes and formal dress code, only nobles could afford to play at the casino's tables; one such discriminating injunction, for instance, was that players had to wear three-cornered hats and masks in order to participate in Il Ridotto's games; less affluent Venetians were thereby prohibited from making wagers at the casino's tables.[3]

As for games, Il Ridotto is known to have offered biribi and basetta. Biribi was a lottery-like game in which players placed bets on one of 70 possible outcomes. A casino employee, the "banker," would then draw a number from a bag, and anyone who had bet on that number would win the game's pot. The game featured a built-in vigorish whereby a winning player only collected 64 times his original bet; considering that every outcome in the game gave only roughly a 1 percent chance of winning for any given bet, this meant that the house at Il Ridotto enjoyed nearly a 10 percent vigorish on the game.[3]

The most popular game at Il Ridotto, however, was basetta. This game was a cross between blackjack, poker and gin rummy and offered winning players 60 times their wagers in payout. In later years it was replaced by faro, which would gain even greater popularity in the U.S.[3]

Architecture

The wing of the San Moisè Palace in which the Ridotto originally operated was four stories tall and featured a long entrance hall, dining rooms and other fineries like work from artist Gerolamo Colonna. Its gaming tables, meanwhile, were primarily situated in its upper floors.[4]

Closing

In 1774 Venetian reformer Giorgio Pisani proposed the city close the Ridotto "to preserve the piety, sound discipline and moderate behavior." Pisani's motion passed by an overwhelming majority and the casino closed its doors the same year.[5]

References

  1. ↑ "How Casinos Work". How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  2. ↑ "History of Casinos". Frixo. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
  3. 1 2 3 "Ridotto: Start of Casino History". GamblingCity.net. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  4. ↑ "Ridotti Casini". venice.jc-r.net. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  5. ↑ "The World's First Public Casino 1638-1774". Author Stream. Retrieved 2010-12-31.

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