Reactions to the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

From January 2 to February 11, 2016, the headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) in eastern Oregon were seized and occupied by an armed group, later called Citizens for Constitutional Freedom, affiliated with private U.S. militias and the sovereign citizen movement following an earlier peaceful march in protest of the prison sentences for ranchers Dwight Hammond and his son, Steven Hammond,[1][2][3][4] who were convicted of arson on federal land,[5] sentenced to five years' imprisonment, and sought clemency from the U.S. president.[6] The occupation received widespread coverage from media outlets.

During the course of the occupation, statements were issued by anti-government activists and sympathetic residents, who criticized the militants' tactics. Other statements of condemnation were issued by legal scholars; federal, state, local, and tribal governments; and other organizations. In the first days, the takeover sparked a debate in the United States on the meaning of the word "terrorist" and on how the news media and law enforcement treat situations involving people of different ethnicities or religions.[7][8][9]

Response of authorities

On January 2, the Harney County Sheriff's Office reported the Oregon State Police (OSP) was "handling the incident." At the same time, a spokesperson for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said the agency was "aware" of the situation.[10] Later that same day, The Guardian observed that there was no visible law enforcement presence in the area.[11] Authorities had not approached the refuge or blocked access to it.[12]

On January 3, Harney County Sheriff David Ward issued a statement asking residents to avoid the scene and saying that the militants aimed to overthrow the government.[13][14] The following day, Ward said at a press conference:

I want to directly address the people at the wildlife refuge: You said you were here to help the citizens of Harney County. That help ended when a peaceful protest became an armed and unlawful protest. The Hammonds have turned themselves in. It is time for you to leave our community. Go home, be with your own families and end this peacefully.[15]

On the evening of January 3, Oregon State Police officials announced that a multi-agency command post would be established the following day to coordinate a response to the situation. The command post was ultimately set up at Lincoln Junior High School in Burns, Oregon, which had been closed as part of a district-wide school shutdown.[16] U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon said that he had been briefed by the special agent in charge of the Portland, Oregon, FBI field office and added that federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies were monitoring the situation.[14][17]

Also that same day, the FBI assumed the lead role in the investigation and announced that it was working with local and state authorities to seek "a peaceful resolution to the situation." The statement also read: "Due to safety considerations for both those inside the refuge as well as the law enforcement officers involved, we will not be releasing any specifics with regards to the law enforcement response."[18][19] Ward later announced that the Harney County Court officially appealed for police reinforcements from the sheriffs of neighboring counties.[20] Media outlets reported that the entrance gates to Burns Municipal Airport had been blocked by the Oregon State Police using patrol cars and armored vehicles. Despite the increased presence in and around Burns, by the end of the day on January 4, media noted that no overt police presence was visible in the 30 miles (48 km) between the town and refuge headquarters.[16]

In taking a cautious approach, federal authorities were thought to "be mindful of prior clashes with people who did not recognize government authority," such as the Ruby Ridge incident in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993. Those events "ended in bloodshed and became rallying cries for antigovernment militants," in contrast to similar standoffs which ended peacefully, such as the 1996 standoff with the Montana Freemen, which was resolved by extended negotiations leading to the group's surrender.[21]

Sheriff Ward, meanwhile, told reporters that steps were underway to break the occupation and that the measures authorities were taking would "not be visible to the public." Ward also reported law enforcement personnel from nine Oregon counties had begun converging to Harney County in response to the Harney County Court's plea for help, but that they would be used to bolster courthouse security and increase the visible police presence in populated areas, rather than respond to the situation at the MNWR.[22][23] Among the agencies to send personnel were the sheriffs of Wasco, Clackamas, Marion, Deschutes, Crook, Umatilla, Multnomah, Baker, and Linn Counties, along with the Burns Paiute tribal police.[24][25][26][27][28] The sheriffs of Benton and Yamhill Counties both declined a request to deploy some of their deputies to Harney County due to what they described as existing manpower shortages.[28] Ward assured residents on January 4 that deputies from outside the county would not "harass the good citizens of Harney County" and called on residents at a community meeting at the Harney County Fairgrounds on January 6 to form a "united front."[13][29][30] In an interview with Oregon Public Broadcasting on January 5, he said that any resident providing supplies to the militants would only be "prolonging the situation."[31]

Media

Due to the presence of members with connections to right-wing groups such as the Three Percenters and the Oath Keepers, The Daily Beast dubbed the event "Wingnut Woodstock," referencing a militant, Dylan Anderson, who at the time would only identify himself as "Captain Moroni" (in an apparent reference to a leader in the Book of Mormon) who told media outlets, "I didn't come here to shoot I came here to die."[32]

Pacific Standard magazine published a detailed analysis of many of the historical claims made by the militants in their public statements and in an "open letter" addressed to Harney County Sheriff David Ward. The magazine rates the claims as "libertarian fairy tales" and "revisionist" and noted "you can tell the story of Harney County as a morality tale about the evils of big government only if you leave most of it out. And so they do."[33]

Legal scholars

Lawyers and legal scholars said that the occupiers "are making demands that fly in the face of the U.S. Constitution."[34] Erwin Chemerinsky, the dean and Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of California, Irvine School of Law, wrote:

Those who are occupying the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon are making a legal argument that has no basis. ... Although the law on this is clear and has been for decades, the protestors continue to argue that the federal government does not have valid legal ownership of the land and must give it back to the states. It is similar to tax protestors who continue to argue that the federal income tax is unconstitutional, despite every court rightly rejecting this argument.[35]

During the legal proceedings, legal scholars expressed doubts over Ammon Bundy's defense that the federal government no longer had jurisdiction over federal land in Oregon ever since it became a state. They cited the Property Clause of Article Four of the United States Constitution, which granted the government jurisdiction over federal property, and several related U.S. Supreme Court cases that ruled in favor of the government.[36]

Anti-government activists

Cliven D. Bundy, the father of Ammon and Ryan Bundy, said he was not involved in organizing the takeover of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters and added that it was "not exactly what I thought should happen."[11]

Asked about the incident, Mike Vanderboegh, a founder of the 3 Percenters, described the militants as "a collection of fruits and nuts," described Jon Ritzheimer as a "fool," and said Ammon Bundy had "a John Brown complex."[37]

Stewart Rhodes, founder and leader of the Oath Keepers (of which Jon Ritzheimer was formerly a member) published an online statement one day prior to the seizure of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters, saying, "We cannot force ourselves or our protection on people who do not want it. Dwight and Steven Hammond have made it clear, through their attorney, that they just want to turn themselves in and serve out their sentence. And that clear statement of their intent should be the end of the discussion on this."[38] On January 15, Rhodes warned of a "bloody, brutal civil war" if the situation did not end peacefully.[39]

Residents

The New York Times reported that "Residents expressed sympathy with the underlying complaints, but elected officials criticized the armed protesters as an outsider militia group whose actions had thrown their community into a harsh national glare."[40] Former Burns mayor Len Vohs said, "The majority of us support the Hammonds, but we don't need outsiders telling us what to do." He criticized the tactics used by the militiamen, saying that it was "anarchy" and "might is right" thinking.[41] Harney County commissioner Dan Nichols, a neighbor of the Hammond family, made similar comments, saying that he shared frustrations about federal land policy but strongly disagreed with the involvement of armed outsiders.[40]

In a meeting held on January 6, local residents nearly unanimously agreed they wanted the militants to leave in a show of hands to a question from Harney County Sheriff David Ward, although some expressed agreement with the concerns raised by the militia group over land use issues.[42]

Federal, state, local, and tribal governments

On January 4, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said, "Ultimately this is a local law enforcement matter and the FBI is monitoring the situation and offering support to local law enforcement officials." Earnest added that President Barack Obama was aware of the situation.[43]

In a statement issued January 7, Oregon Governor Kate Brown said, "...I agree that what started as a peaceful and legal protest has become unlawful. It was instigated by outsiders whose tactics we Oregonians don't agree with. Those individuals illegally occupying the Malheur Wildlife Refuge need to decamp immediately and be held accountable."[44]

In a January 4 press release, Harney County Judge Steven Grasty said that "[T]he Refuge is under federal jurisdiction. The County Court will stay engaged within the limits of our legal authority. ... The Hammond family is well respected in Harney County, [the] motivation of the militia groups that have descended on Harney County goes far beyond the troubles of the Hammond family as demonstrated by their actions at the Refuge."[45] Harney County increased security at the county courthouse.[46] Judge Grasty announced that the Bundy group would be billed the security costs incurred by the county as a result of the occupation, estimated at US$60,000 to US$70,000 per day.[47]

The governing council of the Burns Paiute Tribe, an Indian nation in Harney County, declared the militants were endangering the tribe's history by their presence and called on them to leave. Tribal chair Charlotte Rodrique went on to explain that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was the protector of traditional Burns Paiute religious and archaeological sites in the area and that the displacement of federal authorities put such locations at risk.[48]

Oregon Representative Cliff Bentz, who represents the region in the Oregon House of Representatives, said that the outside groups do not represent Burns or Harney County, explaining, "They're trying to use the misfortune of the Hammonds to further the interests of the Bundys."[49]

U.S. Representative Greg Walden from Oregon said in his speech on the floor of the House that "I am not condoning this takeover in any way. I want to make that clear. I don't think it is appropriate. There is a right to protest. I think they have gone too far. But I understand and hear their anger."[50]

In a January 6 press release, the Western States Sheriffs' Association (WSSA), an organization representing 800 sheriffs in the Western United States, said its mission was to "promote the office of Sheriff and to assist our member Sheriffs on issues of mutual concern" and that it had offered Harney County Sheriff David Ward to organize out-of-state resources to send to Oregon if requested. The WSSA statement went on to note that it did not "support efforts of any individual or groups who utilize intimidation, threats or fear in order to further an agenda."[51]

Following the end of the occupation, U.S. Representative Jason Chaffetz from Utah introduced a bill which would ban the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and United States Forest Service (USFS) from law enforcement activities on federal lands and would transfer the responsibility to local sheriffs instead—a key demand of the militants.[52]

Other organizations

Immediately following the seizure of the refuge, the Harney County School District ordered all schools in the county to be closed for one week.[53]

The Oregon Cattlemen's Association, while maintaining that it still supported the Hammonds, released a statement that declared it did "not support illegal activity taken against the government. This includes militia takeover of government property, such as the Malheur Wildlife Refuge."[54]

In a January 4 statement released by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, church leaders said they "strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles. This armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis."[55][56][57]

The group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched a publicity stunt on January 5 by sending a delegation to the area to give vegan jerky to militia members.[58][59]

The Audubon Society of Portland, in a written statement, said that the "occupation of Malheur by armed, out of state militia groups puts one of America's most important wildlife refuges at risk. It violates the most basic principles of the public trust doctrine and holds hostage public lands and public resources to serve the very narrow political agenda of the occupiers."[60]

Beginning at the end of January, the Oregon Natural Desert Association (ONDA) and other Oregon-based conservation groups have begun efforts to mobilize volunteers who are interested in assisting environmental restoration at the refuge after the occupation ends. ONDA announced that more than 600 people from all over the Pacific Northwest responded to their calls.[61]

Other

The militants were mocked on social media, with commentators ridiculing the groups as "Y'all Qaeda" (in reference to American dialectical Y'all and the group al-Qaeda).[62][63] Twitter hashtags such as "#OregonUnderAttack," "#VanillaISIS"[63] (Vanilla Ice and ISIS),[64] "#Yeehawdists" (Yeehaw and Jihadists), "#Yokelharam" (Yokel and Boko Haram), and "#Talibundy" (Taliban and the Bundy surname) were used.[65][66][67][68]

Some supporters of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) congratulated the takeover on social media and called for ISIL partisans in the U.S. to provide support to the militias. One self-identified ISIL supporter, using the nom de guerre Abu Adriatic Irhabi, wrote that "these rebels have military experience and are trained in warfare. They may be able to degrade and destroy their corrupt, evil, and oppressive government, or at the least severely damage its operations."[69]

After the militants asked their supporters for food and fuel donations to be sent to them, internet trolls mailed the militants numerous packages of glitter and sex paraphernalia.[70][71]

Writer Ursula K. Le Guin, a resident of Oregon, wrote in a letter to the editor to The Oregonian that "Ammon Bundy and his bullyboys aren't trying to free federal lands, but to hold them hostage. I can't go to the Malheur refuge now, though as a citizen of the United States, I own it and have the freedom of it." Le Guin referred to the militants as "a flock of Right-Winged Loonybirds."[72]

On February 3, additional security officers were sent to national wildlife refuges in southern Oregon, northern California, and Nevada in response to the occupation.[73]

Debates over the definition of terrorism

A Joint Intelligence Bulletin released by the United States Department of Homeland Security and the FBI on January 29 classified the militants as "domestic extremists," which they define as:[74][75]

[I]ndividuals located in the United States who seek to advance political or social goals, wholly or in part through force or violence, in violation of federal law. Note: the mere advocacy of political or social positions, use of strong rhetoric, or generalized philosophic embrace of violent tactics may not constitute extremism and may be constitutionally protected.

The occupation sparked a public debate on whether the militants should be classified as "terrorists," and some commentators were critical of the government's decision to "wait out the occupiers rather than charge in with guns blazing."[76][77][78] A number of commentators viewed the law enforcement response to the occupation as more lenient than the treatment accorded to Black Lives Matter protesters, with some terming this an example of white privilege.[79][80] Others say that this is a case of the wealthy being granted special treatment, both in the media and by law enforcement, and that racial inequality is being used to distract from wider issues of social inequality.[33][81][82]

References

  1. ↑ Thomas, Judy L. (January 6, 2016). "Experts: Oregon standoff may be small, but it's just the tip of a growing militia iceberg". The Kansas City Star. Sacramento, CA: The McClatchy Company. ISSN 0745-1067. Retrieved January 20, 2016. The rally was peaceful, authorities said....But afterward, a group of armed militants split off, went to the wildlife refuge 30 miles away and took it over. Ammon Bundy has been acting as the group's leader, and they say they won't back down until the government relinquishes the federal refuge to the people.
  2. ↑ Norcross, Geoff; Sepulvado, John (January 26, 2016). "How Militants May 'Indict' Non-Believers". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  3. ↑ Foden-Vencil, Kristian (January 24, 2016). "Armed Occupiers Convene Common Law Grand Jury Against Local Officials". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  4. ↑ Chappell, Bill (February 18, 2016). "Oregon Occupier Countersues For $666 Billion, Citing 'Works Of The Devil'". The Two-Way. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  5. ↑ Terhune, Katie (January 6, 2016). "Inside the Hammonds' arson case at the center of the Oregon occupation". Portland, OR: KGW. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  6. ↑ Bailey, Everton Jr. (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 4, 2016]. "Oregon ranchers begin new prison term, hope to receive rare presidential clemency". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Armed militia takeover in Oregon sparks debate on meaning of 'terrorist'". CBS News. New York: CBS. Associated Press. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  8. ↑ Cook, James (January 5, 2016). "FBI monitoring Oregon refuge seized by armed men". BBC News. London: BBC. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  9. ↑ "With no 'immediate threat,' cops leaving militia alone". CBS News. New York: CBS. Associated Press. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  10. ↑ Stack, Liam; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Wildlife Refuge Occupied in Protest of Oregon Ranchers' Prison Terms". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. p. A13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  11. 1 2 Wilson, Jason (January 3, 2016). "Oregon militia threatens showdown with US agents at wildlife refuge". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  12. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. "Militants continue occupation of Oregon refuge, police keep low profile". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  13. 1 2 "Harney sheriff requests other deputies help patrol county". Bend, OR: KTVZ. January 4, 2016 [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  14. 1 2 Duara, Nigel; Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (January 4, 2016). "Oregon refuge occupation: 'It's getting dark, and it is freezing'". Los Angeles Times. Chicago, IL: Tribune Publishing. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  15. ↑ "Sheriff: 'Go home, be with your own families and end this peacefully'". Eugene, OR: KVAL-TV. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  16. 1 2 House, Kelly (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 4, 2016]. "As militant occupation continues in Oregon, sheriff says 'go home'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  17. ↑ Preacher, Amanda (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. "Militiamen Plan For What's Next As the Hammonds Head to Prison". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  18. ↑ Wolf, Carissa; Berman, Mark (January 4, 2016). "FBI takes lead on investigating armed takeover of federal building in Oregon; ranchers turn themselves in". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  19. ↑ Smith, Alexander; Fryer, Joe; Walters, Shamar (January 4, 2016). "FBI Seeks 'Peaceful' End to Armed Standoff at Oregon Federal Building". NBC News. New York: NBC. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016. Another version of this story was published January 5, 2016, with headline "Oregon Protesters Vow to Dig In Even as Their Heroes Surrender," by Alexander Smith, Alex Johnson, Joe Fryer, and Elisha Fieldstadt.
  20. ↑ "Read Oregon sheriff's statement to militants occupying wildlife refuge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. February 22, 2016 [1st pub. January 4, 2016]. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  21. ↑ Johnson, Kirk; Pérez-Peña, Richard; Eckholm, Erik (January 4, 2016). "Cautious Response to Armed Oregon Protest". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 5, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 5, 2016, on page A12 of the New York edition with the headline: Occupying Federal Land, to Little Response."
  22. ↑ Glionna, John M.; Wilson, Jason (January 5, 2016). "Authorities plan to cut off power to militia at occupied Oregon refuge". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  23. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 5, 2016]. "Sheriff says steps being taken to end militants' occupation of federal compound". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  24. ↑ Pamplin Media Group (January 6, 2016). "Sheriffs respond to Harney County's call for help". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Phil (January 6, 2016). "Ore. town fed up, but not afraid of militants". Greenwire. Washington, D.C.: Environment & Energy Publishing. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  26. ↑ Collins, Chris (January 6, 2016). "Baker County sending deputy to Harney County". Baker City Herald. Bend, OR: Western Communications. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  27. ↑ Cecil, Neita (January 5, 2016). "No fears of militia in Wasco County". The Dalles Chronicle. The Dalles, OR: Eagle Newspapers. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  28. 1 2 Odegard, Kyle (January 4, 2016). "Sheriff Riley sends manpower to help Harney County". Albany Democrat-Herald. Davenport, IA: Lee Enterprises. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  29. ↑ Petty, Terrence; Valdes, Manuel (January 7, 2016). "Cheers from locals for Oregon sheriff who tells armed group to 'go home'". Chico Enterprise-Record. Denver, CO: MediaNews Group. Associated Press. ISSN 0747-2099. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Sheriff says deputies from other Oregon counties helping patrol Harney County". Eugene, OR: KVAL-TV. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  31. ↑ Templeton, Amelia (January 5, 2016). "Harney County Sheriff: Armed Occupiers Will Face Charges". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  32. ↑ Bird, Anna; Briquelet, Kate (January 3, 2016). "Ammon Bundy Starts Wingnut Woodstock in Oregon". The Daily Beast. New York: IAC. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  33. 1 2 Bady, Aaron (January 7, 2016). "Libertarian Fairy Tales: The Bundy Militia's Revisionist History in Oregon". Pacific Standard. Santa Barbara, CA: Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy. ISSN 1941-5672. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  34. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 23, 2016]. "Demands by Oregon standoff leaders defy logic and law, authorities say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  35. ↑ Chemerinsky, Erwin (January 7, 2016). "No Legal Issue in Oregon". ACSblog (Blog). Washington, D.C.: American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Ammon Bundy offered guilty plea if armed Oregon protesters were let go". RT. Moscow, Russia: Autonomous Nonprofit Organization (ANO) "TV-Novosti". April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
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  38. ↑ Rhodes, Stewart (January 1, 2016). "The Hammond Family Does NOT Want an Armed Stand Off, and Nobody Has a Right to Force One On Them". Oath Keepers. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
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  40. 1 2 Johnson, Kirk; Healy, Jack; Turkewitz, Julie; Stack, Liam; Padnani, Amisha; Fandos, Nicholas (January 3, 2016). "Armed Group Vows to Continue Occupation at Oregon Refuge". The New York Times. New York: The New York Times Company. Retrieved February 9, 2016. "A version of this article appears in print on January 4, 2016, on page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Armed Protesters Vow to Stay on Oregon Refuge Indefinitely."
  41. ↑ Wolf, Carissa; Berman, Mark; Sullivan, Kevin (January 4, 2016). "In Oregon, frustration over federal land rights has been building for years". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
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  45. ↑ Grasty, Steve (January 4, 2016). "January 4, 2016, Press Release-Malheur National Wildlife Refuge" (Press release). Burns, OR: Harney County Government. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Harney County-The Official Site". Burns, OR: Harney County Government. Archived from the original on January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  47. ↑ Gettys, Travis (January 12, 2016). "Oregon judge plans to bill Ammon Bundy up to $70,000 a day for security costs to county". The Raw Story. Washington, D.C.: Raw Story Media, Inc. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  48. ↑ Peacher, Amanda (February 16, 2016). "Tribe Denounces Malheur Refuge Occupation". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  49. ↑ Jervis, Rick (January 4, 2016). "Sheriff: Militia members used rancher protest as ruse". USA Today. Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company. ISSN 0734-7456. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  50. ↑ Zaitz, Les (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 6, 2016]. "Oregon militants: Walden takes BLM to woodshed - transcript". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Western Sheriffs address situation in HARNEY COUNTY OREGON" (PDF) (Press release). Laramie, WY: Western States Sheriffs' Association. January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  52. ↑ Rowland, Jenny (March 24, 2016). "New Bill Would Eliminate Law Enforcement On Public Lands, Despite Risks Of Violent Extremism". ThinkProgress (Blog). Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress Action Fund. Retrieved March 26, 2016.
  53. ↑ Mesh, Aaron (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 2, 2016]. "Militia Group Takes Over Federal Building in Eastern Oregon Because 'The Lord Was Not Pleased'". Willamette Week. Portland, OR: City of Roses Newspapers. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  54. ↑ Mortenson, Eric (January 4, 2016). "Oregon Cattlemen's Association criticizes militia takeover". Capital Press. Salem, OR: EO Media Group. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  55. ↑ Boorstein, Michelle (January 4, 2016). "Arrested in Oregon, Ammon Bundy and others in standoff cited their Mormon faith as inspiration". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 5, 2016. Story originally titled, "Why the Oregon occupiers are citing the Book of Mormon's 'military stud muffin'".
  56. ↑ "Church Responds to Inquiries Regarding Oregon Armed Occupation" (Press release). Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Newsroom. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016. While the disagreement occurring in Oregon about the use of federal lands is not a Church matter, Church leaders strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles. This armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis. We are privileged to live in a nation where conflicts with government or private groups can — and should — be settled using peaceful means, according to the laws of the land.
  57. ↑ Edwards, Ashton (January 4, 2016). "LDS church releases stance on armed takeover of federal building in Oregon". Salt Lake City, UT: KSTU. CNN Wire. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  58. ↑ "Reporter's notebook: 5 moments from the militant standoff in Burns that made us go, 'Huh?'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. February 22, 2016 [1st pub. January 5, 2016]. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  59. ↑ "Vegan Jerky Hand-Delivered to Oregon Cattle-Ranching Militia". People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (Blog). Norfolk, VA: PETA Foundation. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
  60. ↑ Sallinger, Bob (January 3, 2016). "Audubon Society of Portland Statement on the Occupation of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". Portland, OR: Audubon Society of Portland. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  61. ↑ Burns, Jes (February 4, 2016). "Northwest Volunteers Want To Help Restore Malheur Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
  62. ↑ Chan, Wilfred (January 4, 2016). "Oregon standoff? Call it a 'Y'all Qaeda' attack, say Internet users". CNN. Atlanta, GA: Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
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  64. ↑ Blakinger, Keri (January 4, 2016). "Twitter users skewer Oregon militia with hilarious hashtags". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  65. ↑ Alteir, Nuran (February 22, 2016) [1st pub. January 7, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Militants lose PR battle, experts say". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  66. ↑ "#OregonUnderAttack: Tweets about militia takeover". Portland, OR: KOIN. January 4, 2016 [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  67. ↑ Cronin, Melissa (January 3, 2016). "Oregon Militiamen Receive Fitting Nickname: 'YallQaeda'". Gawker (Blog). New York: Gawker Media. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  68. ↑ Dickinson, Tim (January 5, 2016). "Armed, Pathetic and Hungry: How the Oregon Militants' Revolutionary Plan Went Sideways". Rolling Stone. New York. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  69. ↑ Warrick, Joby (January 9, 2016). "Islamic State tries to use Oregon takeover to turn Americans against their government". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  70. ↑ Wallis, Daniel (January 14, 2016). "Oregon occupiers ask public for supplies: get glitter, sex toys". Reuters. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  71. ↑ Hathaway, Jay (January 5, 2016). "Redditors are Sending Glitter-Bombs to the Armed Oregon Militants". New York. New York: New York Media, LLC. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  72. ↑ Le Guin, Ursula (January 18, 2016). "Headline on Malheur occupation is inaccurate, irresponsible: Letters to the Editor". The Oregonian (Letter to the editor). Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  73. ↑ Petty, Terrence; DuBois, Steven (February 3, 2016). "Security Beefed up at National Wildlife Refuges in 3 States". ABC News. New York: American Broadcasting Company. Associated Press. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  74. ↑ "(U//LES) DHS-FBI Bulletin: Domestic Extremists Arrested for Illegal Occupation of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge". Public Intelligence. February 14, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Law Enforcement Arrests Domestic Extremists for Illegal Occupation of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge" (PDF). United States Department of Homeland Security, Federal Bureau of Investigation. January 29, 2016. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  76. ↑ Walker, Jesse (January 6, 2016). "Are the activists occupying Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon 'terrorists'?". Los Angeles Times (Op-ed). Chicago, IL: Tribune Publishing. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved March 14, 2016. A version of this article appeared in print on January 6, 2016, in the Opinion section of the Los Angeles Times with the headline "Oregon 'terrorists.'"
  77. ↑ Ross, Janell (January 3, 2016). "Why aren't we calling the Oregon occupiers 'terrorists'?". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA: Nash Holdings LLC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  78. ↑ McWhorter, John (January 5, 2016). "Why We Don't Call the Oregon Militia Members 'Terrorists'". Time. New York: Time Inc. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  79. ↑ Cooper, Matthew (January 5, 2016). "Is the Oregon militia takeover an example of white Privilege?". Newsweek. New York: Newsweek LLC. ISSN 0028-9604. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  80. ↑ Wright, Crystal (January 4, 2016). "The message from Oregon is clear: black men with guns are thugs, while whites are patriots". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  81. ↑ Beijer, Carl (January 4, 2016). "More rich people challenging democratic sovereignty". Carl Beijer (Blog). Carl Beijer. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
  82. ↑ Suckling, Kieran (February 1, 2016). "Militia Group's Takeover of Oregon Wildlife Refuge, Advocated Privatization of Public Lands" (MP3). Counterpoint (Interview). Interview with Scott Harris. Bridgeport, CT: WPKN. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
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