Prunus armeniaca

Prunus armeniaca
Apricot fruits
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus
Section: Armeniaca
Species: P. armeniaca
Binomial name
Prunus armeniaca
L. 1753 not Thunb. 1784 nor Blanco 1845.
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort.
  • Armeniaca ansu (Maxim.) Kostina
  • Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.
  • Prunus ansu (Maxim.) Kom.
  • Armeniaca holosericea (Batalin) Kostina
  • Armeniaca armeniaca (L.) Huth

Prunus armeniaca ("Armenian plum"),[3] the most commonly cultivated apricot species, also called ansu apricot,[1] Siberian apricot,[1] Tibetan apricot,[1] is a species of Prunus, classified with the plum in the subgenus Prunus. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation, though almost certainly somewhere in Asia. It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places.[4][5][6]

Description

Apricot tree in central Cappadocia, Turkey
Apricot flowers in the village of Benhama, Kashmir

Prunus armeniaca is a small tree, 8–12 m (26–39 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter and a dense, spreading canopy. The leaves are ovate, 5–9 cm (2.0–3.5 in) long and 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) wide, with a rounded base, a pointed tip and a finely serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4.5 cm (0.8–1.8 in) in diameter, with five white to pinkish petals; they are produced singly or in pairs in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a drupe similar to a small peach, 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1.0 in) diameter (larger in some modern cultivars), from yellow to orange, often tinged red on the side most exposed to the sun; its surface can be smooth (botanically described as: glabrous) or velvety with very short hairs (botanically: pubescent). The flesh is usually firm and not very juicy. Its taste can range from sweet to tart. The single seed is enclosed in a hard, stony shell, often called a "stone", with a grainy, smooth texture except for three ridges running down one side.[7][8]

Apricot and its cross-section

Cultivation and uses

History of cultivation

Apricots drying on the ground in Turkey

The origin of the species is disputed. It was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long, it is often thought to have originated there.Seeds of the apricot have been discovered during archaelogie excavations of the Garni Temple and Shengavit settlement, having a history of 6 000 years.[9][10] Its scientific name Prunus Armenian (Armenian plum) derives from that assumption. For example, De Poerderlé, writing in the 18th century, asserted, "Cet arbre tire son nom de l'Arménie, province d'Asie, d'où il est originaire et d'où il fut porté en Europe ..." ("this tree takes its name from Armenia, province of Asia, where it is native, and whence it was brought to Europe ...").[11] An archaeological excavation at Garni in Armenia found apricot seeds in an Eneolithic-era site.[12] Despite the great number of varieties of apricots that are grown in Armenia today (about 50),[10] according to Vavilov its center of origin would be the Chinese region, where the domestication of apricot would have taken place. Other sources say that the apricot was first cultivated in India in about 3000 BC.[13]

Its introduction to Greece is attributed to Alexander the Great;[13] later, the Roman General Lucullus (106–57 B.C.) also would have imported some trees – the cherry, white heart cherry, and apricot – from Armenia to Rome. Subsequent sources were often confused about the origin of the species. Loudon (1838) believed it had a wide native range including Armenia, Caucasus, the Himalaya, China, and Japan.[14]

Apricots have been cultivated in Persia since antiquity, and dried ones were an important commodity on Persian trade routes.

More recently, English settlers brought the apricot to the English colonies in the New World. Most of modern American production of apricots comes from the seedlings carried to the west coast by Spanish missionaries.

Today, apricot cultivation has spread to all parts of the globe with climates that support it.

Uses

Main article: Apricot

Seeds or kernels of the apricot grown in central Asia and around the Mediterranean are so sweet, they may be substituted for almonds. The Italian liqueur amaretto and amaretti biscotti are flavoured with extract of apricot kernels rather than almonds. Oil pressed from these cultivar kernels, and known as oil of almond, has been used as cooking oil. Kernels contain between 2.05% and 2.40% hydrogen cyanide, but normal consumption is insufficient to produce serious effects.[15]

Etymology

The scientific name armeniaca was first used by Gaspard Bauhin in his Pinax Theatri Botanici (page 442), referring to the species as Mala armeniaca "Armenian apple". It is sometimes stated that this came from Pliny the Elder, but it was not used by Pliny. Linnaeus took up Bauhin's epithet in the first edition of his Species Plantarum in 1753.[16]

The name apricot is probably derived from a tree mentioned as praecocia by Pliny. Pliny says "We give the name of apples (mala) ... to peaches (persica) and pomegranates (granata) ..."[17] Later in the same section he states "The Asiatic peach ripens at the end of autumn, though an early variety (praecocia) ripens in summer – these were discovered within the last thirty years ...".

The classical authors connected Greek armeniaca with Latin praecocia:[18] Pedanius Dioscorides' " ... Ἀρμενιακὰ, Ῥωμαιστὶ δὲ βρεκόκκια"[19] and Martial's "Armeniaca, et praecocia latine dicuntur".[20] Putting together the Armeniaca and the Mala obtains the well-known epithet, but there is no evidence the ancients did it; Armeniaca alone meant the apricot. Nonetheless, the 12th century Andalusian agronomist Ibn al-'Awwam refers to the species in the title of chapter 40 of his Kitab al-Filaha as والتفاح الارمني, "apple from Armenia", stating that it is the same as المشمش or البرقوق ("al-mishmish" or "al-barqūq").

Accordingly, the American Heritage Dictionary under apricot derives praecocia from praecoquus, "cooked or ripened beforehand" [in this case meaning early ripening], becoming Greek πραικόκιον praikókion "apricot" and Arabic البرقوق al-barqūq, a term that has been used for a variety of different members of the genus Prunus (it currently refers primarily to the plum in most varieties of Arabic, but some writers use it as a catchall term for Prunus fruit).

The English name comes from earlier "abrecock" in turn from the Middle French abricot, from Catalan abercoc.[21] Both the Catalan and the Spanish albaricoque were adaptations of the Arabic, dating from the Moorish rule of Spain.

However, in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, the word for "apricot" is damasco, which could indicate that, to the Spanish settlers of Argentina, the fruit was associated with Damascus in Syria.[22] The word damasco is also the word for "apricot" in Portuguese (both European and Brazilian, though in Portugal the word alperce is also used).

In culture

An Armenian stamp featuring Prunus Armenian.

The Chinese associate the apricot with education and medicine. For instance, the classical word 杏壇 (literally: 'apricot altar') which means "educational circle", is still widely used in written language. Chuang Tzu, a Chinese philosopher in 4th century BCE, told a story that Confucius taught his students in a forum surrounded by the wood of apricot trees.[23] The association with medicine in turn comes from the common use of apricot kernels as a component in traditional Chinese medicine, and from the story of Dong Feng (董奉), a physician during the Three Kingdoms period, who required no payment from his patients except that they plant apricot trees in his orchard on recovering from their illnesses, resulting in a large grove of apricot trees and a steady supply of medicinal ingredients. The term "Expert of the Apricot Grove" (杏林高手) is still used as a poetic reference to physicians.

In Armenia, the wood of the apricot tree is used for making wood carvings such as the duduk, which is a popular wind instrument in Armenia and is also called the apricot pipe. Several hand-made souvenirs are also made from the apricot wood.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 John H. Wiersema. "USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)". Ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  2. ↑ The Plant List, Prunus armeniaca L.
  3. ↑ "apricot". The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 9780191018251. External link in |chapter= (help)
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, Prunus armeniaca Linnaeus, 1753. Apricot
  5. ↑ Atlas of Living Australia
  6. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Albicocco, Prunus armeniaca L. includes photos and European distribution map
  7. ↑ Flora of China: Armeniaca vulgaris
  8. ↑ Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
  9. ↑ CultureGrams 2002 – Page 11 by CultureGrams
  10. 1 2 "VII Symposium on Apricot Culture and Decline". Actahort.org. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  11. ↑ De Poerderlé, M. le Baron (MDCCLXXXVIII (1788)). Manuel de l'Arboriste et du Forestier Belgiques: Seconde Édition: Tome Premier. à Bruxelles: Emmanuel Flon. p. 682. Check date values in: |date= (help) Downloadable Google Books.
  12. ↑ B. Arakelyan, "Excavations at Garni, 1949–50" in Contributions to the Archaeology of Armenia, (Henry Field, ed.), Cambridge, 1968, page 29.
  13. 1 2 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 1: 203–205. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  14. ↑ Loudon, J.C. (1838). Arboretum Et Fruticetum Britannicum. Vol. II. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 681–684. The genus is given as Armeniaca. Downloadable at Google Books.
  15. ↑ Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa - Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk (1962)
  16. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum 1:474.
  17. ↑ N.H. Book XV Chapter XI, Rackham translation from the Loeb edition.
  18. ↑ Holland, Philemon (1601). "The XV. Booke of the Historie of Nature, Written by Plinius Secundus: Chap. XIII". James Eason at penelope.uchicago.edu. pp. Note 31 by Eason relates some scholarship of Jean Hardouin making the connection. Holland's chapter enumeration varies from Pliny's.
  19. ↑ De Materia Medica Book I Chapter 165.
  20. ↑ Epigram XIII Line 46.
  21. ↑ Webster's Third New International Dictionary under Apricot.
  22. ↑ "DICTIONARY > english–latin american spanish" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "《莊子·漁父》". Ctext.org. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
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