Post-WIMP

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In computing, post-WIMP ("windows, icons, menus, pointer") comprises work on user interfaces, mostly graphical user interfaces, which attempt to go beyond the paradigm of windows, icons, menus and a pointing device, i.e. WIMP interfaces.

The reason WIMP interfaces have become so prevalent since their conception at Xerox PARC is that they are very good at abstracting work-spaces, documents, and their actions. Their analogous paradigm to documents as paper sheets or folders makes WIMP interfaces easy to introduce to other users.[1] Furthermore their basic representations as rectangular regions on a 2D flat screen make them a good fit for system programmers, thus favouring the abundance of commercial widget toolkits in this style.

However WIMP interfaces are not optimal for working with complex tasks such as computer-aided design, working on large amounts of data simultaneously, or interactive games. WIMPs are usually pixel-hungry, so given limited screen real estate they can distract attention from the task at hand. Thus, custom interfaces can better encapsulate workspaces, actions, and objects for specific complex tasks. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited include those requiring continuous input signals, showing 3D models, or simply portraying an interaction for which there is no defined standard widget.

Interfaces based on these considerations, now called "post-WIMP", have made their way to the general public. Examples include the interface of the classic MP3 player iPod and a bank's automated teller machine screen.

Meanwhile, average desktop computers are still based on WIMP interfaces, and have started undergoing major operational improvements to surpass the hurdles inherent to the classic WIMP interface. These include the exploration of virtual 3D space, interaction techniques for window/icon sorting, focus, and embellishment.

The seminal paper for post-WIMP interfaces is "Non Command User Interfaces" by Jakob Nielsen 1993,[2] followed by "The Anti-Mac Interface".[1] Updated proposals are discussed in "Post-WIMP user interfaces" by Andries van Dam. [3] Michel Beaudouin-Lafon subsequently proposed a framework called instrumental interaction, that defines a design space for Post-WIMP interaction techniques and a set of properties for comparing them. [4] Examples of Post-WIMP interaction include 3D interaction [5] and reality-based interaction.[6]

Examples

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Don Gentner and Jakob Nielsen (August 1996). "The Anti-Mac Interface". Communications of the ACM. ACM Press. 39 (8): 70–82. doi:10.1145/232014.232032.
  2. ↑ Jakob Nielsen (April 1993). "Noncommand User Interfaces". Communications of the ACM. ACM Press. 36 (4): 83–99. doi:10.1145/255950.153582.
  3. ↑ Andries van Dam (February 1997). "POST-WIMP User Interfaces". Communications of the ACM. ACM Press. 40 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1145/253671.253708.
  4. ↑ Michel Beaudouin-Lafon (November 2000). "Instrumental Interaction: An Interaction Model for Designing Post-WIMP User Interfaces" (PDF). CHI '00: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The Hague, The Netherlands: ACM Press. pp. 446–453. doi:10.1145/332040.332473. ISBN 1-58113-216-6.
  5. ↑ Doug A. Bowman; Ernst Kruijff; Joseph J. LaViola; Ivan Poupyrev (2005). 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice. Addison–Wesley/Pearson Education. ISBN 0-201-75867-9.
  6. ↑ Robert Jacob, Audrey Girouard, Leanne Hirshfield, Michael Horn, Orit Shaer, Erin Solovey, Jamie Zigelbaum (2008). "Reality-Based Interaction: A Framework for Post-WIMP Interfaces". CHI '08: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Florence, Italy: ACM. pp. 201–210. doi:10.1145/1357054.1357089. ISBN 978-1-60558-011-1.
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