Parramatta

This article is about the Suburb of Sydney. For other uses, see Parramatta (disambiguation).
Parramatta
Sydney, New South Wales

Church Street, Parramatta
Coordinates 33°48′54″S 151°00′4″E / 33.81500°S 151.00111°E / -33.81500; 151.00111Coordinates: 33°48′54″S 151°00′4″E / 33.81500°S 151.00111°E / -33.81500; 151.00111
Population 19,745 (2011 census)[1]
 • Density 3,730/km2 (9,650/sq mi)
Established 1788
Postcode(s) 2150
Area 5.3 km2 (2.0 sq mi)
Location 23 km (14 mi) west of Sydney CBD
LGA(s) City of Parramatta
Region Greater Western Sydney
County Cumberland[2]
Parish St. John[2]
State electorate(s)
Federal Division(s)
Suburbs around Parramatta:
Northmead North Parramatta Oatlands
Westmead Parramatta Rosehill
Greystanes Mays Hill Harris Park

Parramatta (/ˌpærəˈmætə/) is a suburb and major business district in the metropolitan area of Sydney, Australia.[2] It is located in Central-Western Sydney 23 kilometres (14 mi) west of the Sydney central business district on the banks of the Parramatta River. Parramatta is the administrative seat of the local government area of the City of Parramatta. It is also acknowledged on the register of the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales as one of only four cities within the Sydney metropolitan area.[8]

Parramatta, founded in the same year as Sydney by the British in 1788, is the oldest inland European settlement in Australia, the economic capital of Greater Western Sydney and the sixth largest central business district in Australia.[9] Since 2000, Parramatta has seen the consolidation of its role as a government centre with the relocation of agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force headquarters and Sydney Water,[10] from the Sydney CBD.

Parramatta is a major business and commercial centre, and the second largest CBD in the State of New South Wales. Parramatta has many high density commercial and residential developments. It is home to Westfield Parramatta, which is the ninth largest shopping centre in Australia by gross leasable area.[11]

Simultaneously, major upgrades have occurred around the railway station with the expansion of Westfield Parramatta, the creation of a new transport interchange, and the ongoing development of the Parramatta Square local government precinct. It is colloquially known as Parra.[12]

History

Aboriginal culture

Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in Parramatta from around 30,000 years ago.[13]

The Darug people who lived in the area before European settlement regarded the area as rich in food from the river and forests. They called the area Baramada or Burramatta ('Parramatta') which means "head of waters",[14] "the place where the eels lie down",[2][15] or "eel waters"[16] To this day many eels and other sea creatures are attracted to nutrients that are concentrated where the saltwater of Port Jackson meets the freshwater of the Parramatta River. The Parramatta Eels Rugby League club chose their symbol as a result of this phenomenon.

White settlement

View of Parramatta in 1812
Parramatta in the early 20th century

Parramatta was founded in 1788, the same year as Sydney. As such, Parramatta is the second oldest city in Australia, being only 10 months younger than Sydney. The British Colonists, who had arrived in January 1788 on the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, had only enough food to support themselves for a short time and the soil around Sydney Cove proved too poor to grow the amount of food that 1,000 convicts, soldiers and administrators needed to survive. During 1788, Governor Arthur Phillip had reconnoitred several places before choosing Parramatta as the most likely place for a successful large farm.[17] Parramatta was the furthest navigable point inland on the Parramatta River (i.e. furthest from the thin, sandy coastal soil) and also the point at which the river became freshwater and therefore useful for farming.

On Sunday 2 November 1788, Governor Phillip took a detachment of marines along with a surveyor and, in boats, made his way upriver to a location that he called The Crescent, a defensible hill curved round a river bend, now in Parramatta Park. As a settlement developed, Governor Phillip gave it the name "Rose Hill" after George Rose, Secretary for the British Treasury.[18] In 1791 he changed the name to Parramatta, approximating the term used by the local Aboriginal people. A neighbouring suburb acquired the name Rose Hill.

In an attempt to deal with the food crisis, Phillip in 1789 granted a convict named James Ruse the land of Experiment Farm at Parramatta on the condition that he develop a viable agriculture. There, Ruse became the first person to successfully grow grain in Australia. The Parramatta area was also the site of the pioneering of the Australian wool industry by John Macarthur's Elizabeth Farm in the 1790s. Philip Gidley King's account of his visit to Parramatta on 9 April 1790 is one of the earliest descriptions of the area. Walking four miles with Governor Phillip to Prospect he saw undulating grassland interspersed with magnificent trees and a great amount of kangaroos and emus.[19]

Governor Arthur Phillip built a small house for himself on the hill of The Crescent. In 1799 this was replaced by a larger residence which, substantially improved by Governor Lachlan Macquarie from 1815 to 1818, has survived to the present day, making it the oldest surviving Government House anywhere in Australia. It was used as a retreat by Governors until the 1850s, with one Governor (Governor Brisbane) making it his principal home for a short period in the 1820s. The house, Old Government House, is currently a historic site and museum within Parramatta Park and is Australia's oldest surviving public building.[20]

In 1803, another famous incident occurred in Parramatta, involving a convicted criminal named Joseph Samuel, originally from England. Samuel was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging, but the rope broke. In the second attempt, the noose slipped off his neck. In the third attempt, the new rope broke. Governor King was summoned and pardoned Samuel, as the incident appeared to him to be divine intervention.[21]

In 1816, after the Cataract Gorge massacre, Macquarie rewarded Aboriginal compliance by opening a school for Aboriginal children at Parramatta. This school was later relocated to "Black Town".[22]

Heritage listings

Old Government House, Parramatta, erected circa 1799

Being one of the older regions of Sydney and an area of greater cultural heritage, Parramatta has a number of heritage-listed buildings on the Register of the National Estate, including:

Parramatta Town Hall

Geography

Commercial area

The Parramatta skyline. The locality is the largest centre in Western Sydney.

Church Street is home to many shops and restaurants. The northern end of Church Street, close to Lennox Bridge, features al fresco dining with a diverse range of cuisines. The southern end of Church Street features many Chinese restaurants and extends past Westfield to Auto Alley. Immediately south of the CBD Church Street is known across Sydney as 'Auto Alley' for the many car dealerships lining both sides of the street as far as the M4 Motorway.[32]

Since 2000, Parramatta has seen the consolidation of its role as a government centre, with the relocation of agencies such as the New South Wales Police Force Headquarters and the Sydney Water Corporation[10] from Sydney CBD. At the same time, major construction work occurred around the railway station with the expansion of Westfield Shoppingtown and the creation of a new transport interchange. The western part of the Parramatta CBD is known as the Parramatta Justice Precinct and houses the corporate headquarters of the New South Wales Department of Attorney General and Justice. Other legal offices include the Children's Court of New South Wales and the Sydney West Trial Courts, Legal Aid Commission of New South Wales, Office of Trustee and Guardian (formerly the Office of the Protective Commissioner), NSW Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, as well as a branch of the Family Court. Nearby on Marsden Street is the Parramatta Courthouse and the Drug Court of New South Wales. The Garfield Barwick Commonwealth Law Courts Building (named in honor of Sir Garfield Barwick), houses courts of the Federal Magistrates Court and the Family Court of Australia.

Eclipse Tower under construction in January 2012. At 89 m, this office tower is the tallest commercial building in Parramatta.

Parramatta Square (previously known as Civic Place) is a proposed civic precinct located in the heart of the city, adjacent to Parramatta Town Hall. The proposal includes a redevelopment of the Parramatta Civic Centre, a culture and arts centre and a new plaza. The designs of the first two projects, a 65 storey residential skyscraper and an office building were announced on 20 July 2012.[33]

Bicentennial Square, formerly known as Centenary Square, faces the 1883 Town Hall and St John's Cathedral.

A hospital known as The Colonial Hospital was established in Parramatta in 1818.[34] This then became Parramatta District Hospital. Jeffery House was built in the 1940s. With the construction of the nearby Westmead Hospital complex public hospital services in Parramatta were reduced but after refurbishment Jeffery House again provides clinical health services. Nearby, Brislington House has had a long history with health services. It is the oldest colonial building in Parramatta, dating to 1821.[35] It became a doctors residence before being incorporated into the Parramatta Hospital in 1949.

Places of worship

St Patrick's Cathedral

Church Street takes its name from St John's Cathedral (Anglican), which was built in 1803 and is the oldest church in Parramatta. While the present building is not the first on the site, the towers were built during the time of Governor Macquarie, and were based on those of the church at Reculver, England, at the suggestion of his wife, Elizabeth.[36] The historic St John's Cemetery is located nearby on O'Connell Street.[37]

St Patrick's Cathedral (Roman Catholic) is one of the oldest Catholic churches in Australia. Construction commenced in 1836, but it wasn't officially complete until 1837. In 1854 a new church was commissioned, although the tower was not completed until 1880, with the spire following in 1883.[38] It was built on the site to meet the needs of a growing congregation. It was destroyed by fire in 1996, with only the stone walls remaining. On 29 November 2003, the new St Patrick's Cathedral was dedicated.[39] The historic St Patricks Cemetery is located in North Parramatta. The Uniting Church is represented by Leigh Memorial Church.[40] Parramatta Salvation Army is one of the oldest active Salvation Army Corps in Australia.

St John's Cathedral

Parramatta is also home to the Parramatta and Districts Synagogue, which services the Jewish community of western Sydney.[41]

The Greek Orthodox Parish and Community of St Ioannis (St John The Frontrunner) Greek Orthodox Church was established in Parramatta in May 1960 under the ecumenical jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia to serve the predominantly emigrating Greek population of Greater Western Sydney. Originally the liturgies where held in the hall of St John's Ambulance Brigade, at the corner of Marion and Harris Sts,Harris Park until the completion of the church in December 1965 located in Hassall Street Parramatta. Fr Nicholas Tsouloukidis served the Parish Community faithfully and devotedly for over 48 years and following his retirement was succeeded by Fr Dimitri Kokkinos on 31 August 2008. The Parish Community of St Ioannis continues to serve over 5,000 Greek parishioners.[42]

A Buddhist temple is located in Cowper Street, Parramatta.[43] Parramatta's Mosque is in an apartment building on Marsden Street, Parrmatta.[44] The district is served by Hindu temples located on Eleanor St, Rosehill,[45] and a Murugan temple in Mays Hill, off Great Western Highway.[46]

Parks

Lennox Bridge
Parramatta River

Parramatta River runs through the suburb in an easterly direction

Parramatta Park is a large park adjacent to Parramatta Stadium. It was formerly the Governor's Domain, land set aside for the Governor to supply his farming needs. As the Governor's Domain, the grounds were much larger than the modern day Parramatta Park, extending from Parramatta Road to the south, evident by a small gatehouse adjacent to Parramatta High School. Over time parts of the domain were re-allocated to make way for Parramatta High School, a golf course, the Western (railway) line, Parramatta RSL and Bowling Club, Parramatta Swimming Centre, and Parramatta Stadium.[47]

Parramatta Park contains Old Government House and thus Parramatta was once the capital of the colony of New South Wales until Governors returned to residing in Sydney in 1846.[48] (Sydney also has a Governor's Domain adjacent to Government House). Another feature is the natural amphitheatre located on one of the bends of the river, named by Governor Philip as "the Crescent", which is used to stage concerts. Over 120 bird species have been recorded there. It is home to the Dairy Cottage, built from 1798 to 1805, originally a single-room cottage and is one of the earliest surviving cottages in Australia. It was built for ex-convict George Salter. Between 1814 and 1816 it was converted to a dairy. The Tudor Gatehouse, on O'Connell Street, was erected by the Park Trust in 1885 and designed by Gordon McKinnon. It was restored in 1980. The remains of Governor Brisbane's private astronomical observatory, constructed in 1822, are visible. Astronomers who worked at the observatory, discovering thousands of new stars and deep sky objects, include James Dunlop and Carl Rümker. In 1822, the architect S. L. Harris designed the Bath House for Governor Brisbane and built it in 1823. Water was pumped to the building through lead pipes from the river. In 1886, it was converted into a pavilion.[49]

Climate

Parramatta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with mild to cool winters and warm, sometimes hot summers, and rainfall spread throughout the year.

Depending on the wind direction, summer weather may be humid or dry, though the humidity is mostly in the comfortable range, with the late summer/autumn period having a higher average humidity than late winter/early spring. Summer maximum temperatures are quite variable, often reaching above 35 °C (95 °F), on average 8.1 days in summer, and sometimes remaining in the low 20's, especially after a cold front or a sea breeze, such as the southerly buster.

Northwesterlies can occasionally bring hot winds from the desert that can raise temperatures higher than 40 °C (104 °F) mostly from November to February. Parramatta is slightly warmer than Sydney CBD due to the urban heat island effect, but in extreme cases it can be 5 – 10 °C (9 – 18 °F) warmer than Sydney, especially when sea breezes do not penetrate inland on hot summer and spring days. For example, on the 28th November 2009, the city reached 29.3 °C (84.7 °F),[50] while Parramatta reached 39.0 °C (102.2 °F),[51] almost 10 °C higher.

Rainfall is fairly evenly divided between summer and winter, but is slightly higher during the first three months of the year, when easterly winds dominate. The second half of the year tends to be drier (late winter/spring), that is when westerly winds dominate, which bring drier conditions.[52] Thunderstorms are common in the months from early spring to early autumn, occasionally quite severe thunderstorms can occur. Snow in virtually unknown, having been recorded only in 1836 and 1896 [53] Parrammatta gets 106.6 days of clear skies annually.

Climate data for Parramatta North
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 45.5
(113.9)		 41.9
(107.4)		 40.5
(104.9)		 37.0
(98.6)		 29.2
(84.6)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.9
(78.6)		 30.6
(87.1)		 35.4
(95.7)		 40.1
(104.2)		 42.7
(108.9)		 43.9
(111)		 45.5
(113.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 39.0
(102.2)		 37.2
(99)		 33.9
(93)		 30.1
(86.2)		 26.0
(78.8)		 22.1
(71.8)		 22.2
(72)		 25.1
(77.2)		 30.0
(86)		 33.8
(92.8)		 35.8
(96.4)		 37.5
(99.5)		 40.7
(105.3)
Average high °C (°F) 28.4
(83.1)		 27.8
(82)		 26.3
(79.3)		 23.8
(74.8)		 20.5
(68.9)		 17.8
(64)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.7
(71.1)		 24.0
(75.2)		 25.4
(77.7)		 27.4
(81.3)		 23.3
(73.9)
Average low °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7)		 17.6
(63.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 12.8
(55)		 9.9
(49.8)		 7.5
(45.5)		 6.2
(43.2)		 7.1
(44.8)		 9.3
(48.7)		 12.0
(53.6)		 14.1
(57.4)		 16.2
(61.2)		 12.2
(54)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 12.8
(55)		 12.9
(55.2)		 11.0
(51.8)		 7.7
(45.9)		 4.8
(40.6)		 2.7
(36.9)		 1.7
(35.1)		 2.6
(36.7)		 4.5
(40.1)		 6.6
(43.9)		 8.7
(47.7)		 11.0
(51.8)		 1.4
(34.5)
Record low °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2)		 9.2
(48.6)		 6.8
(44.2)		 4.0
(39.2)		 1.4
(34.5)		 0.8
(33.4)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 0.7
(33.3)		 0.7
(33.3)		 3.6
(38.5)		 4.0
(39.2)		 7.7
(45.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 101.4
(3.992)		 123.5
(4.862)		 107.9
(4.248)		 94.8
(3.732)		 70.7
(2.783)		 86.6
(3.409)		 45.5
(1.791)		 55.8
(2.197)		 52.4
(2.063)		 67.7
(2.665)		 86.6
(3.409)		 73.6
(2.898)		 964.4
(37.969)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.0 12.1 12.6 9.6 9.8 10.6 8.2 7.9 8.0 10.1 11.6 10.3 122.8
Average relative humidity (%) 57 59 59 58 60 59 55 46 46 49 49 55 55
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1967-)[54]

Transport

Parramatta is the major transport hub for Western Sydney, servicing trains and buses, as well as having a ferry wharf and a future light rail service.

At the 2011 census, 38.4% of Parramatta's workers travelled to work on public transport and 40.6% by car (either as driver or as passenger).[1]

Trains

Parramatta railway station

Parramatta railway station is a major transport interchange on the Sydney rail network. It is served by Sydney Trains' Cumberland Line and North Shore, Northern & Western Line.[55] NSW TrainLink operate intercity services on the Blue Mountains Line as well as services to rural New South Wales. The station was originally opened in 1855, located in what is now Granville, and known as Parramatta Junction. The station was moved to its current location and opened on 4 July 1860, five years after the first railway line in Sydney was opened, running from Sydney to Parramatta Junction.[56]

The current station was upgraded, with work beginning in late 2003 and the new interchange opening on 19 February 2006.[57] The original station still exists within the over-all structure as part of Platform 4.

Bus

Parramatta is also serviced by a major bus interchange located on the south eastern side of the railway station. The interchange is served by buses utilising the North West T-Way to Rouse Hill and the Liverpool-Parramatta T-way to Liverpool. Parramatta is also serviced by five high-frequency Metrobus services:

The routes passing through Parramatta are provided by many operators including Hillsbus, Sydney Buses, Transit Systems Sydney and Transdev NSW.[58]

A free bus Route 900 is operated by Parramatta City Council in conjunction with the state government. Route 900 circles Parramatta CBD.[59] A free bus also links Parramatta Stadium to Parramatta railway station during major sporting events.

Ferry

Charles St Ferry Wharf, Parramatta

The Parramatta ferry wharf is at the Charles Street Weir, which divides the tidal saltwater from the freshwater of the upper river, on the eastern boundary of the Central Business District. The wharf is the westernmost destination of the Sydney Ferries River Cat ferry service which runs on Parramatta River.[60]

Light rail

The two-line Parramatta Light Rail project was announced in 2015. Lines originating from Carlingford and Strathfield will form a combined route at Camellia and pass through Parramatta before terminating at Westmead.[61]

Road

Parramatta Road has always been an important thoroughfare for Sydney from its earliest days. From Parramatta the major western road for the state is the Great Western Highway The M4 Western Motorway, running parallel to the Great Western Highway has taken much of the traffic away from these roads, with entrance and exit ramps close to Parramatta.

James Ruse Drive serves as a partial ring-road circling around the eastern part of Parramatta to join with the Cumberland Highway to the north west of the city.

The main north-south route through Parramatta is Church Street. To the north it becomes Windsor Road, and to the south it becomes Woodville Road.

Demographics

View of the transport interchange and surrounds in 2007

According to the 2011 census conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the suburb of Parramatta had a population of 19,745. Of these:[1]

Age distribution 
Parramatta has an over-representation of young adults when compared to the country as a whole. Nearly half (45.1%) of the suburb's population is aged 20–34 years, more than double the national average of 20.6%. Parramatta residents' median age was 30 years, compared to the national median of 37. Children aged under 15 years made up 14.2% of the population (national average is 19.3%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 7.1% of the population (national average is 14.0%).
Ethnic diversity 
About one quarter (27.5%) of residents were born in Australia, down from 42.4% in the previous census five years earlier. The next most common countries of birth were India 21.5%, China 14.7%, South Korea 1.9%, Philippines 1.8% and New Zealand 1.7%. However, only 7.6% identify their ancestry as Australian; the other common self-identified ancestries were Indian 19.2%, Chinese 18.9%, English 9.5%, and Lebanese 2.9%. About one quarter (26.5%) of people spoke English at home; other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 12.7%, Gujarati 6.6%, Hindi 5.8%, Cantonese 5.7% and Arabic 4.1%.
Religion 
This question is optional in the Census. Of the people who answered it, the most common response was "No Religion" (20.7%); the next most common responses were Hinduism 20.1%, Catholic 15.4%, Islam 6.7% and Anglican 5.7%.
Income 
The average weekly household income was $1,314, compared to the national average of $1,234.
Housing 
The majority of dwellings in Parramatta (79.3%) were flats, units or apartments; 14.0% were separate houses, and 6.5% were semi-detached (mostly townhouses). The average household size was 2.4 people.

Notable residents

Education

Our Lady of Mercy College

Parramatta is home to several primary and secondary schools. Arthur Phillip High School is the oldest public school in the district (it is in buildings which have been continuously used as a school since 1875), established in 1960 in its own right. Parramatta High School was the first coeducational school in the Sydney metropolitan area established in 1913. Our Lady of Mercy College is one of the oldest Catholic schools in Australia. Macarthur Girls High School is successor to an earlier school 'Parramatta Commercial and Household Arts School'. Others schools include Macquarie Boys Technology High School, Parramatta Public School, Parramatta East Public School, Parramatta West Public School, and St Patrick's Primary Parramatta.

Several tertiary education facilities are also located within Parramatta. One of six University of Western Sydney campuses is situated in the suburb. The UWS Parramatta Campus consists of three sites: Parramatta South (the main site), Parramatta North and the Parramatta City campus located at 100 George Street. Parramatta South campus occupies the site of the historic Female Orphan School.[63] The UWS Village is also located in Parramatta, adjacent to the Parramatta North campus. The Alphacrucis College is a national vocational and higher education college, located at 30 Cowper Street.

Culture

As the centre of the City of Parramatta, as well as the centre and second largest business district of Sydney, Parramatta hosts many festivals and events.[64] Riverside Theatre is a performing arts centre located on the northern bank of Parramatta River. The city hosts the following events:

The Parramatta Advertiser and the Parramatta Sun are the local newspapers serving Parramatta and surrounding suburbs.

Sport

Parramatta Stadium, home to local sporting teams

Parramatta is the home of several professional sports teams. These teams include the Parramatta Eels of the National Rugby League and Western Sydney Wanderers of the A-League. Both teams play matches at the 21,500 seat Parramatta Stadium. Parramatta Stadium was also home to the now dissolved Sydney Wave of the former Australian Baseball League and Parramatta Power of the former National Soccer League.

Parramatta Park is a popular venue for walking, jogging and bike riding. Parramatta Swimming Centre is also popular and includes a 10 lane 50m swimming pool, twin waterslides, and dive towers.[67]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "Parramatta (State Suburb)". 2011 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 25 April 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Parramatta (suburb)". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  3. ↑ "Parramatta". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  4. ↑ "Baulkham Hills". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  5. ↑ "Granville". New South Wales Electoral Commission. 24 March 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  6. ↑ "Reid". Australian Electoral Commission. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  7. ↑ "Parramatta". Australian Electoral Commission. 19 October 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
  8. ↑ "Geographical Names Register Extract: List of placenames acknowledged as a CITY" (.CSV). Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  9. ↑ "Visitor Strategy for Parramatta 2011–2016" (PDF). City of Parramatta.
  10. 1 2 Media Release
  11. ↑ "Westfield Parramatta". Property Portfolio. Westfield Group. 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  12. ↑ "Welcome to Parramatta NSW Australia". cityofparramatta.com. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  13. ↑ Macey, Richard (2007). "Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ Troy, Jakelin. "The Sydney Language". Macquarie Aboriginal Words. Sydney: Macquarie Library. p. 76.
  16. ↑ .
  17. ↑ "Man of Honour – John Macarthur", Michael Duffy, Macmillan 2003, p. 81 ff
  18. ↑ "The romance of Australian place names.". The Australian Women's Weekly. National Library of Australia. 27 May 1964. p. 59. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  19. ↑ Flynn 1997, p 28
  20. ↑ The Book of Sydney Suburbs, Compiled by Frances Pollen, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8
  21. ↑ ""HERALD" SATURDAY MAGAZINE.". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 26 September 1953. p. 7. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  22. ↑ Norman, Heidi (2015). "Parramatta and Black Town Native Institutions". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  23. ↑ Discover Parramatta St Johns Cemetery
  24. ↑ Discover Parramatta Hambledon Cottage
  25. ↑ The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company, 1981, pp.2/49-57
  26. ↑ "Prisons to close" (PDF) (Press release). Corrective Services NSW. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  27. ↑ Woolpack Hotel
  28. ↑ "WOOLPACK HOTEL". discoverparramatta.com. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  29. ↑ "Parramatta Archaeological Management Unit 2887". NSW Environment & Heritage. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  30. ↑ "Pictures". Macarthur House. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  31. ↑ State Heritage Register
  32. ↑ Auto Alley at Discover Parramatta
  33. ↑ "Parramatta's urban renewal relaunched". Parramatta Sun. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  34. ↑ Jeffery House
  35. ↑ Brislington House
  36. ↑ http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au St John's Anglican Cathedral (Retrieved 15 July 2010). See also Reculver.
  37. ↑ St Johns Cemetery at Discover Parramatta
  38. ↑ "St Patrick's Catholic Cathedral: Parramatta". ohta.org.au. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  39. ↑ St Patrick's Cathedral Parish Parramatta History (Retrieved 11 January 2008).
  40. ↑ "Worship". Parramatta Mission. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  41. ↑ "Parramatta Synagogue" (in Japanese). Parramatta Synagogue. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  42. ↑ Parish and Community of St Ioannis (St John The Frontrunner) Greek Orthodox Church – http://www.stioannis.org/
  43. ↑ Nan Tien Vihara
  44. ↑ Parramatta Mosque
  45. ↑ Shri Swaminarayan Hindu Mandir
  46. ↑ Murugan Temple
  47. ↑ "Parramatta". Sydney.com. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  48. ↑ Timeline Old Government House
  49. ↑ Parramatta Park Trust Website
  50. ↑ "Daily Maximum Temperature - 066062 - Bureau of Meteorology". www.bom.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  51. ↑ "Daily Maximum Temperature - 066124 - Bureau of Meteorology". www.bom.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
  52. ↑ http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap16/sydney_clim.html
  53. ↑ http://www.blackheathweather.com/bmsnowhistory1.html
  54. ↑ "Climate statistics: PARRAMATTA NORTH (MASONS DRIVE)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  55. ↑ CityRail. "Station Facilities – Parramatta". Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  56. ↑ Bozier, Rolfe. "New South Wales Railways:Parramatta Railway Station". Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  57. ↑ CityRail (14 February 2006). "Parramatta Transport Interchange – opening 19 February". Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  58. ↑ Parramatta bus routes
  59. ↑ Route 900
  60. ↑ Sydney Ferries (2007). "Sydney Ferries – Network Map". Retrieved 30 January 2008.
  61. ↑ "Parramatta Light Rail - How the preferred network was chosen". Transport for NSW. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  62. ↑ The jubilee history of Parramatta in commemoration of the first half-century of municipal government, 1861-1911, Parramatta T.D. Little and R.S. Richardson, 1911, retrieved 10 June 2016 Available as .pdf-based CD-ROM
  63. ↑ "Welcome to the Female Orphan School". uws.edu.au. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  64. ↑ "Parramatta Events - About".
  65. ↑ "Sydney Festival - About".
  66. ↑ "Parramasala - About". Parramasala Limited. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  67. ↑ "Parramatta Swimming Centre". discoverparramatta.com. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
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