Pala (Anatolia)

Pala
Pala
Unknown–at the latest 1178 BC
The location of Pala in Northern Bronze Age Anatolia
Capital Unknown
Languages Palaic
Religion Palaic religion
Government Not specified
Historical era Bronze Age
 •  Established Unknown
 •  Disestablished at the latest 1178 BC
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Hattians
Paphlagonia
Today part of  Turkey

Pala (cuneiform pa-la-a[1]) was a Bronze Age country in Northern Anatolia. Nothing more is known about Pala than its native language, which is the Palaic language (palaumnili), and its native religion.[2] The only person known who is of Palaic origin is a ritual priestress Anna.[3]

Location

The country of Pala can be located in the Black Sea region. There are two possibilities where Pala may have laid in this region. The first possibility is the country known as Paphlagonia in classical antiquity. The second possibility is the territory which was called Blaene in antiquity. Both equations are based on phonetic similarity. A country named *Bla leading to Blaene in cuneiform script only could have been written as pa-la-a.[4]

History

In the old Hittite period Pala was mentioned as administrative area under Hittite jurisdinction in the Hittite laws.[5] At the end of old Hittite Period contact between Hittites and Pala vanished because of the Kaskian capture of the Black Sea region.[6]

Religion

The Palaic religion is known from cuneiform ritual texts from the temple of the Palaic storm god in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša where the cult of Palaic deities continued even when contacts between Hittites and Pala had disappeared.[7] The following deities are known:

Name Gender/Number Notes Alternative Names Hittite or Luwian equation
Ziparwa[8] god Palaic major god,[9] storm god[10] Zaparwa, name of Hattian origin[11] Tarḫuna, Tarḫunt[12]
Kataḫzipuri[13] goddess wife of Zaparwa[14] Kataḫziwuri,[15] name of Hattian origin[16] Kamrušepa[17]
Tiyaz[18] god sun god[19] Tiyad[20] Sun God of Heaven, Tiwaz[21]
Gulzannikeš[22] goddesses fate goddesses[23] Gulzikannikeš[24] Daraweš Gulšeš[25]
Ḫašamili[26] god Ḫašammili, name of Hattian origin[27]
Inar[28] goddess
Kamama[29] god Kammamma[30]
Hearth[31] deity hearth deity
Šaušḫalla[32] deity Šaušḫilla[33]
Ḫilanzipa[34] deity Ḫilašši[35]
Ḫašauwanza[36] deity
Aššanuwant[37] deity Aššiyat[38]
Ilaliyantikeš[39] deities Ilaliyant[40]
Kuwanšeš[41] deities
Uliliyantikeš[42] deities Uliliyašši[43]

Literature

References

  1. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 60.
  2. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  3. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  4. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  5. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 60 f.
  6. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  7. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  8. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  9. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  10. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  11. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  12. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  13. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  14. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  15. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  16. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  17. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  18. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  19. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  20. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  21. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  22. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  23. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  24. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  25. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, S. 50.
  26. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  27. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  28. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  29. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  30. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  31. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  32. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  33. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  34. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  35. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  36. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  37. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  38. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  39. ↑ Maciej Popko: Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens. Wiesbaden 2008, p. 61.
  40. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  41. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 58.
  42. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
  43. ↑ Piotr Taracha: Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Wiesbaden 2009, p. 59.
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