Ozhaguscodaywayquay

Ozhaguscodaywayquay (Ozhaawashkodewekwe: Woman of the Green Glade), also called Neengay (Ninge: "My mother") or Susan Johnston (c. 1775 – c. 1840), was an important figure in the Great Lakes fur trade before the War of 1812. She married the British fur trader John Johnston,^[1] a "wintering partner" of the North West Company. They had prominent roles in the crossroads society of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan and the territory before 1830, and entertained notable visitors from a variety of disciplines. Their daughter Jane Johnston Schoolcraft has become recognized as the first Native American literary writer in the United States.

Life

She was born as Ozhaguscodaywayquay (Green Prairie Woman) into an Ojibwe (also known as Ojibwa) family in Chequameqon, near present-day La Pointe, Wisconsin and Chequamegon Bay; her father was the famous war chief Waubojeeg (The White Fisher).^[1] Waubojeeg had been a war leader when younger, and he became civil chief as an elder in his community at Chequamegon.^[2]

In 1790, Scots-Irish fur trader John Johnston traveled to Mackinac Island and then to Chequamegon by canoe, where he asked Waubjoeeg for permission to marry his youngest daughter, Ozhaguscodaywayquay.^[3] Waubojeeg was cautious, as he had seen other white traders later abandon their native wives, and told Johnston to return to Montreal, and if he returned to Chequamegon in the spring, Waubojeeg would consider his proposal.^[4] Johnston returned and Waubojeeg agreed to the marriage. Ozhaguscodaywayquay married John Johnston in 1793. However, it appears she was not consulted, as after the marriage she ran off to her grandfather, however her father found her, beat her with a stick, threatened to cut off her ear, and returned her to Johnston.^[5] Waubojeeg's motives for his actions are unclear, however neither the compelled marriage nor violence enforcing it appear typical of Ojibwe marriages or Ojibwe fur-trade marriages.^[6]

After the marriage, she was baptized as Susan. Despite this rough start to their marriage, by many accounts their marriage grew into a happy one.^[6] Later in 1793 they moved east, settling at Sault Ste. Marie in present-day Michigan where they built a log-home that was the largest in the region.^[6] The settlement of Sault Ste. Marie extended on both sides of the river and was then considered part of Canada. The community was made up mostly of Ojibwa, Ottawa and Métis peoples, centered on a trading post of the British-founded North West Company. A mixture of European immigrants also worked there. It became a center of European, United States, and Native American politics and trade in the area.^[7]

Johnston was a "wintering partner" of the North West Company; one of the men who traded directly with the trappers, who were usually of Native American descent. He was a man of substance, having arrived in Canada with capital to invest in the business. He and his wife were influential in the trade and relations among the Ojibwe, Canadians, Europeans and Americans in the area. They received as hosts many explorers, politicians of both Canada and the U.S., scholars, Native chiefs, and military officers. They were considered among the ruling class in both the Native and European communities.^[7] Johnston owed much of his success to Ozhaguscodwaywayquay's talents, influence, and connections as the member of an important Ojibwe family.^[6] Ozhaguscodaywayquay taught him and their eight children the language and ways of the Ojibwe. While she learned to understand English, she only spoke Ojibwe.^[6] John taught them to speak, read, and write English, and had a large library from which some of the children particularly drew.

Their eldest daughter Jane Johnston married the American ethnographer Henry Rowe Schoolcraft in 1823. Assigned to the community as the U.S. Indian agent in 1822, he became noted for his work on the Ojibwe, aided by Jane's access and her knowledge of the Ojibwe language and culture. Jane Johnston has been recognized as the first Native American literary writer and poet in the United States. In 2008, she was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

Two other Johnston daughters also married prominent white men of the region; one married Henry R. Schoolcraft's younger brother, James. George Johnston assisted Schoolcraft as a U.S. Indian agent. The youngest son, John McDougall Johnston, served as the last official Indian Agent in the area.^[8]

Later life

Under the Treaty of Ghent at the end of the War of 1812 , the U.S. no longer allowed British traders and trappers to move freely across the Canadian-U.S. border. John Johnston's fur trade business never recovered. The family suffered divisions after the War of 1812. John served as a captain with the British and was part of the British and native forces that surprised that Americans took Mackinac Island in 1812.^[9] After the War, John retained his status as a British subject, even though he continued to live with his family in the united States.^[10] From 1814 to 1816 he served as a British civil magistrate and justice of the peace for the Indian territories.^[11] He never became an American citizen, and participated in the fur trade through his son's American citizenship, since they were born within American borders. Lewis, the oldest son, had served with the British Navy against the U.S. Taken prisoner during the war, he suffered poor treatment by US forces and rejected living under U.S. rule. After his release, he moved to Canada.

Ozhaguscodaywayquay's political influence grew after the War o 1812, as demonstrated by the story of she and her son, George, dissuaded Ojibwe leaders from attacking the treaty delegation led by Michigan Territory Governor Lewis Cass in 1820.^[12]

Susan Johnston was widowed in 1828. After her husband's death, she managed the family fur trading business.^[6] She also established a sugaring and fishing business, which she operated with the help of her children for several years. She was known as a physically active woman who caught and preserved local whitefish, regularly paddled her canoe across the broad St. Marys River (Michigan–Ontario), and annually spent time in the woods making large quantities of maple sugar, sometimes returning with as much as two tons.^[13] She also began to take an active role in the Presbyterian Church (USA) .^[14] Throughout her life, she played integral roles in her family and community as a business woman and leader.

Citations

References

• Virginia Soetebier, Woman of the Green Glade: The Story of an Ojibway Woman on the Great Lakes Frontier,
• Marjorie Cahn Brazer, Harps Upon the Willows: The Johnston Family of the old Northwest, 1993, Ann Arbor, MI: The Historical Society of Michigan, ISBN 1-880311-02-X.
• Chase S. Osborn & Stellanova Osborn, Schoolcraft, Longfellow, Hiawatha, 1942, ASIN B0000D5L0E.
• Richard Bremer, Indian Agent and Wilderness Scholar: The Life of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1987, Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University, ISBN 0-916699-13-7.
• Robert Dale Parker, The Sound the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky: the Writings of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
• Michael Witgen, An Infinity of Nations: How the Native New World Shape Early America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
• Anna Brownell Jameson, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada, 3 Vol, (London: Saunders and Otley, 1838.
• C.H. Chapman, "Th Historic Johnston Family of the Soo," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections (titled listed in multiple ways), Vol 23 (1903): 305-53.

External links

• Robert Dale Parker, "Introduction to Jane Johnston Schoolcraft", including material about her mother Ozhaguscodaywayquay (Jane Johnston Schoolcraft).