Otton de Grandson
Otto de Grandson[1] (c. 1238 – 1328) was a medieval Savoyard knight long in the service of the English crown under Edward I. He was the closest personal friend of Edward, and shared the king's many interests.
The son of Peter, lord of Grandson near Lausanne, the young Otto travelled to England probably in the company of Peter I of Savoy in 1252, certainly not later than 1265. There he entered the service of Henry III and by 1267 was placed in the household of the prince Edward. In 1268 both prince and servant were knighted and in 1271 the latter accompanied his lord on the Ninth Crusade, where he served at Acre that year. According to one source, it was Otto, not Eleanor of Castile, who sucked the poison from the wounded Edward after an attempted assassination. In 1272 Otto was appointed an executor in Acre.
After returning to England, he was employed in Scotland and Wales, where he served as chief justiciar in the north from 1284 to 1294, and in Gascony, where he was sent in 1278 to reform the government with Robert Burnell. He was also employed as a diplomat and gained contacts with most of the sovereigns of western Europe. In 1283 he was briefly in the employ of Edmund Crouchback, the king's younger brother, for diplomatic work. It was said that no one could do the king's will better, including the king himself.
He was appointed governor of the Channel Islands[2] and in 1290 appointed a bailiff for each of the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey, giving them civil powers to administer the islands.[3]:21
He went on a second Crusade to the Holy Land in 1290. At the time of the fall of Acre (1291), he was the master of the English knights in Palestine. At Acre he saved the life of fellow Savoyard Jean I de Grailly, with whom he had served Edward in Gascony earlier. After the fall of the city he fled to Cyprus a poor man, but went on a subsequent pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1298 or 1299, Otto, Jacques de Molay of the Templars, and Guillaume de Villaret of the Hospitallers campaigned in Cilicia in order to fight off an invasion by the Mamluks.[4][5] In his La flor des estoires d'Orient, the Armenian monk Hayton of Corycus mentions his activity on the mainland in Cilicia in 1298–1299:
Otto de Grandison and the Masters of the Temple and of the Hospitallers as well as their convents, who were at that time [1298 or 1299] in these regions [Cilician Armenia] . . .[6]
In 1307, on Edward's death, Otto left England permanently. He remained in the service of the crown for a while longer, however, for until 1317 he represented England at the Papal Curia. He also continued to have interests in England, for he was in correspondence with John Langton and Walter Reynolds and in 1277 he had been granted the Channel Islands as a lordship for life, along with lands in England and Ireland, in reward for his service. In 1323 he visited the Channel Islands with a bodyguard of twenty crossbowmen, which he had been ruling (inefficiently) as an absentee. He also made religious foundations from his great wealth, probably accumulated as reward for his work, and for these he obtained privileges and priories from the popes through his embassies. He was a benefactor of Vale Royal, an Edwardian foundation, and of Saint Jean de Grandson, where he increased the number of monks after 1288. He founded a Franciscan friary in 1289 and a Carthusian monastery at La Lance in 1317.
At the end of his life he returned to Grandson, which he had inherited from his father and to which he had made recurrent visits throughout his adult life. He never married and was succeeded by his nephew. He had advanced many of his relatives through his embassies, especially in the church. Three of his relatives served as Bishops of Lausanne and another nephew, John Grandisson, succeeded to the Diocese of Exeter. Otto travelled to Avignon at the age of ninety in 1328, where he was attacked, robbed and died. His tomb was ordered by the Pope to be placed in the Cathedral of Lausanne.
Notes
- ↑ His name is sometimes spelled Otho in an archaic manner, or Otton, after the gallicised (French) form. His surname may be spelled Grandison or Grandisson, but the modern place after which he took this toponym is spelled "Grandson". In English historiography, the de ("of") in his name is sometimes conventionally omitted.
- ↑ Le Roy, Pierre. Note book of Pierre Le Roy. Guille Alles Library 1893.
- ↑ Wimbush, Henry. The Channel Islands. A&C Black 1924.
- ↑ Demurger, 142–143.
- ↑ Newman, 231, says that De Molay had an "ill-fated expedition to Armenia around 1299, in which the last Templar holding in that kingdom was lost."
- ↑ Quoted in Demurger, 116
References
- Clifford, E. R. A Knight of Great Renown: The Life and Times of Otto de Grandson. 1961.
- Demurger, Alain. Jacques de Molay. Payot, 2007.
- Ghazarian, Jacob G. Who was Otto de Grandison?
- Hicks, Michael A. "Sir Otto Grandisson." Who's Who in Late Medieval England, 1272–1485. 1st ed. Geoffrey Treasure, series editor. Stackpole Books, 1991. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-8117-1638-4.
- Kingsford, Charles, Lethbridge. "Sir Otho de Grandison 1238?–1328." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd Ser., Vol. 3. (1909), pp. 125–195.
- Labarge, Margaret Wade. Gascony, England's First Colony 1204–1453. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980.
- Maddicott J. R. "Grandson , Sir Otto de (c.1238–1328)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press, 2004 [online 2005]. Accessed 31 May 2015.
- Salt, Mary C. "List of English Embassies to France, 1272–1307 (in Notes and Documents)." The English Historical Review, 44:174. (Apr., 1929), pp. 263–278.
- Taylor, A. J. "Who was 'John Pennardd, Leader of the Men of Gwynedd'? (in Notes and Documents)." The English Historical Review, 91:358. (Jan., 1976), pp. 79–97.