Royal Norwegian Air Force

Royal Norwegian Air Force
Luftforsvaret

Royal Norwegian Air Force emblem
Founded November 10, 1944 (1944-11-10)
Country Norway
Size 3,650 (doesn't include Air Home Guard)
Part of Norwegian Armed Forces
Motto(s) For King, People and Fatherland
Commanders
Commander in Chief HM King Harald V
Inspector General of the Air Force Major General Per Egil Rygg
(11 April 2014 – present)[1]
Insignia
Roundel
Low Visibility Roundel
Aircraft flown
Attack Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon
Bomber Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon
Electronic
warfare		 Dassault Falcon 20
Fighter Lockheed F-16 Fighting Falcon
Helicopter Westland Sea King, Bell 412, NH-90
Patrol Lockheed P-3 Orion
Trainer SAAB Safari
Transport C-130 Hercules

The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) (Norwegian: Luftforsvaret) is the air force of Norway. It was established as a separate arm of the Norwegian armed forces on 10 November 1944. The RNoAF's peacetime establishment is approximately 1,430 employees (officers, enlisted staff and civilians). 600 personnel also serve their draft period in the RNoAF. After mobilization the RNoAF would consist of approximately 5,500 personnel.

The infrastructure of the RNoAF includes seven airbases (at Andøya, Bardufoss, Bodø, Gardermoen, Rygge, Sola and Ørland), two control and reporting centres (at Sørreisa and Mågerø) and three training centres (at Kjevik in Kristiansand and Persaunet in Trondheim) and at KNM HH/Madlaleiren (Stavanger).

History

Conception

Military flights started on 1 June 1912. The first plane, HNoMS Start, was bought with money donated by the public and piloted by Hans Dons, second in command of the submarine HNoMS Kobben (A-1).[2] Up until 1940 most of the aircraft belonging to the Navy and Army air forces were domestic designs or built under license agreements, the main bomber/scout aircraft of the Army air force being the Dutch-origined Fokker C.V.

Military of Norway
Components
Army
Navy
(Coast Guard)
Air Force
Home Guard
Cyber Defence Force
Ranks
Norwegian military ranks
Bugle calls
Bugle calls of the Norwegian Army
Armed Forces equipment
Army equipment
Norwegian naval ships
Norwegian military aircraft

World War II

Build-up for World War II

Gloster Gladiator 423 in 1938–1940

Before 1944 the Air Force were divided into the Norwegian Army Air Service (Hærens Flyvevaaben) and the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (Marinens Flyvevaaben).

In the late 1930s, as war seemed imminent, more modern aircraft was bought from abroad, including twelve Gloster Gladiator fighters from the UK, and six Heinkel He 115s from Germany. Considerable orders for aircraft were placed with United States companies during the months prior to the invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940.

The most important of the US orders were two orders for comparatively modern Curtiss P-36 Hawk monoplane fighters. The first was for 24 Hawk 75A-6 (with 1200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830-SC3-G Twin Wasp engines), 19 of which were delivered before the invasion. Of these 19, though, none were operational when the attack came. A number were still in their shipping crates in Oslo harbour, while others stood at the Kjeller aircraft factory, flight ready, but none combat ready. Some of the Kjeller aircraft had not been fitted with machine guns, and those that had been fitted still lacked gun sights.

The ship with the last five 75A-6s that were bound for Norway was diverted to the United Kingdom, where they were taken over by Royal Air Force (RAF). All 19 Norwegian P-36s that were captured by the German invaders were later sold by the German authorities to the Finnish Air Force, which was to use them to good effect during the Continuation War.

The other order for P-36s was for 36 Hawk 75A-8 (with 1200 hp Wright R-1820-95 Cyclone 9 engines), none of which were delivered in time for the invasion, but were delivered to "Little Norway" near Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There they were used for training Norwegian pilots until the USAAF took over the aircraft and used them under the designation P36G.

Also ordered prior to the invasion were 24 Northrop N-3PB float planes built in on Norwegian specifications for a patrol bomber. The order was made on 12 March 1940 in an effort to replace the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's obsolete MF.11 biplane patrol aircraft. None of the type were delivered by 9 April and when they became operational with the 330 (Norwegian) Squadron in May 1941 they were stationed at Reykjavík, Iceland performing anti-submarine and convoy escort duties.

1937–1940 aircraft marking

Escape and exile

The unequal situation led to the rapid defeat of the Norwegian air forces, even though seven Gladiators from Jagevingen (the fighter wing) defended Fornebu airport against the attacking German forces with some success – claiming two Me 110 heavy fighters, two He 111 bombers and one Junkers Ju 52 transport. Jagevingen lost two Gladiators to ground strafing while they were rearming on Fornebu and one in the air, shot down by Future Experte Helmut Lent, injuring the sergeant pilot. After the withdrawal of allied forces, the Norwegian Government ceased fighting in Norway and evacuated to the United Kingdom on 10 June 1940.

DH.82A Tiger Moth in Royal Norwegian Air Force markings

Only aircraft of the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service had the range to fly all the way from their last remaining bases in Northern Norway to the UK. Included amongst the Norwegian aircraft that reached the British Isles were four German-made Heinkel He 115 seaplane bombers, six of which were bought before the war and two more were captured from the Germans during the Norwegian Campaign. One He 115 also escaped to Finland before the surrender of mainland Norway, as did three M.F. 11s; landing on Lake Salmijärvi in Petsamo. A captured Arado Ar 196 originating from the German heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper was also flown to Britain for testing.

For the Norwegian Army Air Service aircraft the only option for escape was Finland, where the planes would be interned but at least not fall into the hands of the Germans. In all two Fokker C.V.s and one de Havilland Tiger Moth made it across the border and onto Finnish airfields just before the capitulation of mainland Norway. All navy and army aircraft that fled to Finland were pressed into service with the Finnish Air Force,[3] while most of the aircrew eventually ended up in "Little Norway".

The Army and Navy air services established themselves in Britain under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Norwegian air and ground crews operated as part of the British Royal Air Force, in both wholly Norwegian squadrons and also in other squadrons and units such as RAF Ferry Command and RAF Bomber Command. In particular, Norwegian personnel operated two squadrons of Supermarine Spitfires: RAF 132 (Norwegian) Wing consisted of No. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron and RAF No. 332 (Norwegian) Squadron. Both planes and running costs were financed by the exiled Norwegian government.

In the autumn of 1940, a Norwegian training centre known as "Little Norway" was established next to Toronto Island Airport, Canada.

The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) was established by a royal decree on 1 November 1944, thereby merging the Army and Navy air forces. No. 331 (Norwegian) Squadron defended London from 1941 and was the highest scoring fighter squadron in South England during the war.

Up until 8 May 1945, 335 persons had lost their lives while taking part in the efforts of the RNoAF.

Post-war air force

Royal Norwegian Air Force Spitfire

After the war the Spitfire remained in service with the RNoAF into the fifties.

In 1947, the Surveillance and Control Division acquired its first radar system, and around the same time the RNoAF got its first jet fighters in the form of de Havilland Vampires.

In 1949 Norway co-founded NATO, and soon afterwards received American aircraft through the MAP (Military Aid Program). The expansion of the Air Force happened at a very rapid pace as the Cold War progressed. Throughout the Cold War the Norwegian Air Force was only one of two NATO air forces — Turkey being the other — with a responsibility for an area with a land border with the Soviet Union, and Norwegian fighter aircraft had on average 500–600 interceptions of Soviet aircraft each year.[4]

In 1959, the Anti-Aircraft Artillery was integrated into the Royal Norwegian Air Force.

In 1999, Norway participated with a number of F-16s during operation 'Allied Force',[5]

21st century RNoAF

In October 2002, a tri-national force of 18 Norwegian, Danish, and Dutch F-16 fighter-bombers, with one Dutch Air Force KC-10A tanker, flew to the Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan, to support the NATO ground forces in Afghanistan as a part of the Operation Enduring Freedom. One of the missions was Operation Desert Lion.[6]

In 2004, four F-16s participated on NATO's Baltic Air Policing operation.

Since February, 2006, eight Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16s, joined by four Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16s, have been supporting NATO International Security Assistance Force ground troops mostly in the southern provinces of Afghanistan. The air detachment is known as the 1st Netherlands-Norwegian European Participating Forces Expeditionary Air Wing (1 NLD/NOR EEAW).[7]

2010s

Libyan no-fly zone : – In a statement, Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre condemned the violence against "peaceful protesters in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen", saying the protests "are an expression of the people’s desire for more participatory democracy. The authorities must respect fundamental human rights such as political, economic and social rights. It is now vital that all parties do their utmost to foster peaceful dialogue on reforms.".[8] On 19 March 2011 the Norwegian government authorized The Royal Norwegian Air Force to head for Libya and prepare for missions there. Norway has approved six General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters and necessary personnel. These fighters will head for Greece on 21 March and operate from the Souda Air Base in Souda Bay on Crete .[9] On 24 March 2011, F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Air Force was assigned to the United States Africa Command and the Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of Norwegian F-16s took off from their base in Greece for their first mission over Libya.[10][11] On 25 March 2011, 3 laserguided bombs were launched from 2 F-16s of the Royal Norwegian Air Force against Libyan tanks and during the night towards 26 March an airfield was bombed. . Equipment also deployed to Operation Unified Protector on 26 March 2011.[12][13] By July 2011 the Norwegian F-16's had dropped close to 600 bombs, some 17% of the total bombs dropped at that time.[14][15][16] It was Norwegian F-16s that on the night towards 26 April, bombed Gaddafis headquarter in Tripoli[15][17][18][19]

From September to December 2011, the Air Force contributed personnel and one P-3 Orion to Operation Ocean Shield. Operating from the Seychelles, the aircraft searched for pirates in the Somali Basin.[20][21]

In April 2016 the life of a patient, at the hospital in Bodø, was saved when specialised medical equipment was ferried halfway across Norway, in less than half an hour, by an Air Force F-16 jet from Værnes Air Station.[22]

On 13 April one of two F-16s participating in an air-to-ground training mission, mistakenly attacked one of the control towers at the range. Three officers, who were inside the tower at the time, said they did not have time to react. An investigation was launched.[23]

Plans

The RNoAF will conduct several investments in the coming years. First the European helicopter NH-90 will be introduced to replace the Lynx helicopters as a ship-borne helicopter, the Air Force also have bought an additional 16 Search and rescue Augusta-Westland AW101 helicopters to replace its aging Sea King helicopters. The aging F-16AM fighter will be replaced from 2016. On 20 November 2008, the prime minister of Norway Jens Stoltenberg announced that the F-35A was the only fighter fulfilling all the Norwegian requirements and thus the preferred choice . Stoltenberg stated that cooperation with the Nordic countries on defence and security would continue independently of the F-35 purchase.[24]

According to the 2012 White paper, a number of changes are proposed:[25]

On 7 June 2012, the United States' Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress today of a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of Norway for two C-130J-30 United States Air Force (USAF) baseline aircraft and associated parts, equipment, logistical support and training for an estimated cost of $300 million.[27]

In 2016 research was started to consider the Boeing P-8A Poseidon MMA to replace the aging P-3C Orion aircraft by 2020 - 2025, in November 2016 the intention to acquire 5 was confirmed.

Organization

The RNoAF is organized in ten Air Wings. These are divided into a total of two Control and Reporting Centres, nine flying squadrons as well as two anti aircraft units.

Control and Reporting Centre Mågerø

Control and Reporting Centre Sørreisa

General Dynamics F-16AM at RIAT 2010

Bodø Main Air Station

Ørland Main Air Station

Andøya Air Station

Bardufoss Air Station

Gardermoen Air Station

Rygge Air Station

Sola Air Station

Haakonsvern Naval Base

Royal Norwegian Air Force Academy (Trondheim)

Aircraft

Current inventory

Type Origin Class Role Introduced In service Total Notes
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon United States Jet multirole 46[31] Licence-built by Fokker
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II United States Jet multirole 4 [31] 21 more on order, total of 52 planned[32]
Dassault Falcon 200 France Jet electronic warfare 2[33]
Lockheed P-3 Orion United States Propeller maritime patrol 6[33] Will be replaced from 2020 onwards
Lockheed C-130J United States Propeller Transport 4[33]
Bell 412 United States Helicopter Utility 18[33] Will be reduced to 12
NHIndustries NH90 Italy Helicopter Utility / transport 6[31] 8 on order as of December 2015.[31]
Westland Sea King United Kingdom Helicopter SAR / Utility 11[33] Mk. 43
AW101 Merlin United Kingdom Helicopter SAR / transport 16 on order – Sea King replacement[33]
Saab Supporter Sweden Propeller Trainer 16
General Dynamics F-16B Netherlands/United States Jet Trainer 10[33]
An F-16B taxiing
A Westland Sea King

Anti-aircraft

Historical inventory

A old Canadair CF-104 Starfighter of the 334 squadron
The same Canadair CF-104 plane at its new location
Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter
C-130H
Northrop N-3PB
Typ Quantity years of use Notes
Agusta-Bell 47J/J-2
Bell 47D-1
Bell 47G-3 		5
6
3 		1958–1967
1953–1971
1954–1970
Airspeed Oxford I/II 22 1947–1953
Avro Anson I 10 1947–1951
Bell UH-1B 37 1963–1990
Cessna L-19A (O-1A) 27 1960–1992
Consolidated PBY IV A: (3)
IV B: 12
PBY-5A: 6 		1945–1946
1945–1954
1954–1961
de Havilland Canada DHC-3 10 1953–1968
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 5 1967–2001
de Havilland Mosquito T.III: 3
FB VI: 19 		1947–1952
1945–1952
de Havilland Vampire T.55: 6
F.III: 20
FB 52: 36 		1952–1955
1948–1957
1949–1957
Douglas C-47A 7
10 		1945–1946
1950–1974
Douglas C-53D 3 1945–1946
Fairchild M-62 74 1945–1957
Fairchild C-119G Flying Boxcar 8 1956–1969
Fieseler Fi 156 Storch 30 1945–1954
Grumman HU-16B (ASW) Albatross 18 1961–1969
Junkers Ju 52/3m 18 1945–1951
Lockheed C-56B/C-60A Lodestar 7 1945–1950
Lockheed C-130E/H Hercules 6 1969–2008
Lockheed F-104
(Canadair CF-104) 		F-104G: 19
TF-104G: 4
CF-104: 19
CF-104D: 3 		1963–1981
1963–1983
1973–1983
1973–1983
Lockheed T-33A 22 1953–1968
Noorduyn Norseman IV/VI 24 1945–1959
North American Harvard II/IIB/SNJ3/4 39 1945–1956
North American F-86 F-86F: 115
F-86K: 64 		1957–1967
1955–1967
Northrop N-3PB 2 1945–1956
Northrop F-5 A: 78
B: 14
RF-5A: 16 		1966–2000
1966–2000
1969–2000
Piper L-18C 16 1955–1992
Republic F-84 F-84E: 6
F:84G: 200
RF-84F: 35 		1951–1956
1952–1960
1956–1970
SAAB 91B/B-2 Safir 30 1956–1988
Short Sunderland Mk V (11) 1945
Sikorsky H-19D-4 4 1958–1967
Supermarine Spitfire LF.IXe: 73
PR XI: 3 		1945–1952
1946–1954
Westland Lynx Lynx Mk.86 1981–2014 Was used by the Coast Guard, Replaced by NH90.
Focke-Wulf Fw 189A-2 1 1945–1946
Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun 2 1945
Junkers W 34 1 1945–1946

Surface-to-air missile

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Norsk rikskringkasting: Generalmajor Per Egil Rygg (Norwegian)
  2. ↑ Official Norwegian Defence Force website: History of the Royal Norwegian Air Force (Norwegian)
  3. ↑ Finnish Air Force Aircraft of WWII
  4. ↑ The Norwegian Air Force chief's address to Oslo Military Society in 2004
  5. ↑ NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
  6. ↑ John Pike. "OEF – Operation Desert Lion". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  7. ↑ Dutch MoD on the 1 NLD/NOR EEAW
  8. ↑ "Norway condemns violence in Libya, Bahrain and Yemen". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
  9. ↑ Kristoffer Egeberg keg@dagbladet.no På Twitter: @InfoKeg (2011-03-20). "Vet ikke hvilke farer som møter dem – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  10. ↑ "Her flyr norske jagerfly mot Libya – VG Nett om Libya". Vg.no. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  11. ↑ kl.12:18 (2011-03-24). "To norske F16-fly har tatt av fra Souda Bay-basen – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  12. ↑ Jonas Sverrisson Rasch jon@dagbladet.no PÅ KRETA (2011-03-26). "Norske fly bombet flybase i Libya i natt – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  13. ↑ Martin Skjæraasen. "Norske fly i kamphandlinger i Libya – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  14. ↑ Jonas Sverrisson Rasch jon@dagbladet.no (2011-04-15). "Norske fly har aldri bombet så mye – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  15. 1 2 "Bekrefter norske bomber over Tripoli – VG Nett om Libya". Vg.no. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  16. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  17. ↑ ESPEN RØST ero@dagbladet.no (2011-04-26). "Norske F16-fly angrep Kadhafis hovedkvarter – nyheter". Dagbladet.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  18. ↑ "Hardball with Chris Matthews". MSNBC. 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  19. ↑ Toralf Sandø , Ingeborg Eliassen. "Amerikanske medier: Norske F16-fly angrep Gadafis hovedkvarter – Aftenposten". Aftenposten.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  20. ↑ "Norsk bidrag til Operation Ocean Shield". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  21. ↑ Norwegian Orion found pirates
  22. ↑ Will Worley. "F16 fighter jet saves patient's life by flying medical equipment across Norway". The Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  23. ↑ "Accidental shot by F-16 caused great danger on Norwegian artillery range". Norwaytoday.info. 24 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
  24. ↑ "The Joint Strike Fighter recommended to replace the F-16". Norwegian Prime Minister's Office. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
  25. ↑ Forsvarsdepartementet. "Et Forsvar for vår tid". 2012 White Paper. Regjeringen. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  26. ↑ "Norway reduces airbase close to capital Oslo". AIRheads↑FLY. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  27. ↑ Archived July 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  28. ↑ "Front page". Mil.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  29. ↑ "Front page". Mil.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  30. ↑ "Front page". Mil.no. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
  31. 1 2 3 4 "World Air Forces 2016". Flightglobal. Flightglobal International. December 2015.
  32. ↑ "Norway Welcomes First F-35, Signals More Purchases Likely". dodbuzz.com. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "World Air Forces 2015 pg. 24". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
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