North Sea flood of 1953

The 1953 North Sea flood (Dutch: Watersnoodramp, literally "water emergency disaster") was a major flood caused by a heavy storm that occurred on the night of Saturday, 31 January 1953 and morning of Sunday, 1 February 1953. The floods struck the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Scotland.

A combination of a high spring tide and a severe European windstorm over the North Sea caused a storm tide; the combination of wind, high tide, and low pressure led to a water level of more than 5.6 metres (18.4 ft) above mean sea level in some locations. The flood and waves overwhelmed sea defences and caused extensive flooding. The Netherlands, a country with 20% of its territory below mean sea level and 50% less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) above sea level and which relies heavily on sea defences, was worst affected, recording 1,836 deaths and widespread property damage. Most of the casualties occurred in the southern province of Zeeland. In England, 307 people were killed in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex. Nineteen were killed in Scotland. Twenty-eight people were killed in West Flanders, Belgium.

In addition, more than 230 deaths occurred on water craft along Northern European coasts as well as on ships in deeper waters of the North Sea. The ferry MV Princess Victoria was lost at sea in the North Channel east of Belfast with 133 fatalities, and many fishing trawlers sank.

Realising that such infrequent events could recur, the Netherlands particularly, and the United Kingdom carried out major studies on strengthening of coastal defences. The Netherlands developed the Delta Works, an extensive system of dams and storm surge barriers. The UK constructed storm surge barriers on the River Thames below London and on the River Hull where it meets the Humber estuary.

Netherlands

On the night of 31 January – 1 February 1953, many dykes in the provinces of Zeeland, South Holland and North Brabant proved unable to resist the combination of spring tide and a northwesterly storm. On both the islands and the mainland, large areas of country were flooded. Many people still commemorate the dead on 1 February.

Warnings

At the time of the flood, none of the local radio stations broadcast at night, and many of the smaller weather stations operated only during the day. As a result, the warnings of the KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) did not penetrate the flood-threatened area in time. People were unable to prepare for the impending flood. As the disaster struck on a Saturday night, many government and emergency offices in the affected area were not staffed.

As telephone and telegraph networks were disrupted by flood damage, within hours amateur radio operators went into the affected areas with their equipment to form a voluntary emergency radio network. These well-organized radio amateurs worked tirelessly, providing radio communications for ten days and nights, and were the only people able to maintain contact from affected areas with the outside world.

Resulting damage

Extent of flooding in the Netherlands

Large parts of South Holland, Zeeland and North Brabant were inundated. In North Holland only one polder was flooded. The most extensive flooding occurred on the islands of Schouwen-Duiveland, Tholen, Sint Philipsland, Goeree-Overflakkee, the Hoeksche Waard, Voorne-Putten and Alblasserwaard. Parts of the islands of Zuid-Beveland, Noord-Beveland, IJsselmonde, Pernis, Rozenburg, Walcheren and Land van Altena were flooded, as well as parts of the areas around Willemstad, Nieuw-Vossemeer and parts of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen.

The highest death tolls were recorded on the islands of Schouwen-Duiveland and Goeree-Overflakkee.

Afterward, the government formed the Delta Commission to study the causes and effects of the floods. They estimated that flooding killed 1,835 people and forced the emergency evacuation of 70,000 more. Floods covered 9% of Dutch farmland, and sea water flooded 1,365 km² of land. An estimated 30,000 animals drowned, and 47,300 buildings were damaged, of which 10,000 were destroyed. Total damage is estimated at 1 billion Dutch guilders.

Een dubbeltje op zijn kant" ("A dubbeltje (small coin) on its edge", meaning "A narrow escape"), a sculpture by Roel Bendijk of de Twee Gebroeders in the Groenedijk

Near flooding of other parts

The Schielands Hoge Zeedijk (Schielands High Seadyke) along the river Hollandse IJssel was all that protected three million people in the provinces of South and North Holland from flooding. A section of this dyke, known as the Groenendijk, was not reinforced with stone revetments. The water level was just below the crest and the seaside slope was weak.

Volunteers worked to reinforce this stretch. But, the Groenendijk began to collapse under the pressure around 5:30 am on 1 February. Seawater flooded into the deep polder. In desperation, the mayor of Nieuwerkerk commandeered the river ship de Twee Gebroeders (The Two Brothers) and ordered the owner to plug the hole in the dyke by navigating the ship into it. Fearing that the ship might break through into the polder, Captain Arie Evegroen took a row boat with him. The mayor's plan was successful, as the ship was lodged firmly into the dyke, reinforcing it against failure and saving many lives.

The Afsluitdijk across the entrance of the Zuiderzee was said to have paid for its construction cost in that one night, by preventing destructive flooding around the Zuiderzee.

Reaction

Several neighbouring countries sent soldiers to assist in searching for bodies and rescuing people. The U.S. Army sent helicopters from Germany to rescue people from rooftops. Queen Juliana and Princess Beatrix visited the flooded area only a few days after. A large aid program came on apace, supported by the radio. A national donation program was started and there was a large amount of international aid. The Red Cross was overwhelmed by contributions and decided to send some of the funds to assist residents of Third World countries.

Politically, the disaster prompted discussions in the Netherlands concerning the protection and strengthening of the dykes. As a result, the Delta Works were authorized, an elaborate project to enable emergency closing of the mouths of most estuaries, to prevent flood surges upriver.

United Kingdom

A breach at Erith after the 1953 flood

The North Sea flood of 1953 was one of the most devastating natural disasters ever recorded in the United Kingdom. Over 1,600 km of coastline was damaged, and sea walls were breached, inundating 1,000 km². Flooding forced 30,000 people to be evacuated from their homes, and 24,000 properties were seriously damaged.^[1]

Probably the most devastating storm to affect Scotland over the last 500 years, the surge crossed between the Orkney and Shetland Isles. The storm generated coastal and inland hazards, including flooding, erosion, destruction to coastal defences, and widespread wind damage. The storm's damage occurred throughout Scotland, with 19 fatalities reported.^[2] The fishing village of Crovie (then in Banffshire, now Aberdeenshire), built on a narrow strip of land along the Moray Firth coast, was abandoned by many of its inhabitants as entire structures were swept into the sea.

The surge raced down the East Coast into the southern North Sea, where it was exaggerated by the shallower waters. In Lincolnshire, flooding occurred from Mablethorpe to Skegness, reaching as far as 3 kilometres (2 miles) inland.

In individual incidents, 38 died at Felixstowe in Suffolk when wooden prefabricated homes in the West End area of the town were flooded. In Essex, Canvey Island was inundated, with the loss of 58 lives. Another 37 died when the seafront village of Jaywick near Clacton was flooded.^[3] Reis Leming, a US airman, was awarded the George Medal for his bravery in rescuing 27 people in the South Beach area of Hunstanton.^[4]

In East London, water poured from the Royal Docks into Silvertown, where it drained into the sewers but flooded back out again in Canning Town and Tidal Basin. William Hayward, a night watchman at William Ritchie & Son, died of exposure to gas from a damaged pipe; he was the only fatality. Almost 200 people were made temporarily homeless and took refuge at Canning Town Public Hall.^[5]

The total death toll on land in the UK is estimated at 307. The total death toll at sea for the UK, including the MV Princess Victoria, is estimated at 224. Total damages were estimated to be £50 million (£1,259,037,456 today).^[6]

Belgium

The coastal defence of Flanders was severely damaged. Near Ostend, Knokke and Antwerp, heavy damage was done to the sea defence with local breaches. Twenty-eight people died, including noted Belgian musician, Robert Dubois.

Responses

After the 1953 flood, governments realised that similar infrequent, but devastating events were possible in the future. In the Netherlands the government conceived and constructed an ambitious flood defence system beginning in the 1960s. Called the Delta Works (Dutch: Deltawerken), it is designed to protect the estuaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt. The system was completed in 1998, with completion of the storm surge barrier Maeslantkering in the Nieuwe Waterweg, near Rotterdam.

In the UK the Permanent Secretary to the Home Office, Sir Frank Newsam, coordinated the immediate efforts to defend homes, save lives and recover after the floods. After the flooding, the government made major investments in new sea defences. The Thames Barrier programme was started to secure central London against a future storm surge; the Barrier was officially opened on 8 May 1984.

Studies in the 1990s reexamined the flood. Researchers studied how it was reported and interviewed hundreds of survivors, many of whom had never openly talked about their experiences before. The conclusions reached were that some of the stories of heroism during the flood were exaggerated. Also, that afterwards the Dutch did not have serious discussions of why this preventable disaster occurred and as a nation tended to ignore its social and psychological impacts.^[7]

Commemoration

In 2013 a service was held at Chelmsford Cathedral to mark the 60th anniversary of the Great Flood, attended by Anne, Princess Royal. Acts of remembrance were also held in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex.^[8]

Books, films and music

• The composition Requiem Aeternam 1953 by Douwe Eisenga was written as a commemoration of the flood.
• The composition Noye's Fludde of 1958 by Benjamin Britten evokes the memory of the North Sea flood.
• The Dutch public broadcasting foundation has made numerous documentaries about the North Sea Flood. Two have been adapted as English versions: The Greatest Storm and 1953, the Year of the Beast.
• BBC Timewatch made a documentary about the North Sea flood of 1953, called The Greatest Storm.
• An episode of the ITV series Savage Planet featured the flood.
• In January 2008, the Brighton-based band British Sea Power released their third album, entitled Do You Like Rock Music?, which includes the song "Canvey Island", referring to the floods.
• The 1953 floods were mentioned in detail in the drama film Flood (2007).
• In 2009 a Dutch action-drama titled De Storm (The Storm) was released.
• The book The Little Ark by Jan de Hartog, published in 1953, depicted the flood. It was adapted as a film by the same name in 1972.
• The short story, "The Netherlands Lives with Water",^[9] by Jim Shepard, contains a passage describing the event.^[10]
• The 1976 book Oosterschelde, windkracht 10, by Jan Terlouw is the story of the flood in Zeeland, Netherlands. The first part describes the storm, while the second part describes the later conflicts about constructing the Delta Works.^[11]
• The 2012 non-fiction book, The Sugar Girls, by Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, describes the effects of the flood in East London, and on workers at Tate & Lyle's East End factories.
• John Wyndham's apocalyptic science fiction novel The Kraken Wakes (1953) includes a section in which the whole of the Netherlands is flooded due to aliens melting the polar icecaps.
• The flood is mentioned in the movie Bride Flight as one of the reasons some were emigrating to New Zealand.^[12]
• The flood is mentioned in Susan Vreeland's novel, Girl In Hyacinth Blue (1999), Ch. 5:¨Morningshine.¨
• The 2004 CD, "1953" by the dark ambient musical project, The [law-rah} Collective, is an instrumental "story" hauntingly and yet beautifully told in 7 "chapters" (tracks). The story of the flood is musically presented from the victims' point of view. The fear, stress and despair of such a devastating natural disaster is further enforced with the occasional addition of minimalist poetry in the form of spoken word. Borrowed from the artist's website, the premise is told here: "...in this moving interpretation a story told by unspeakable sounds unfolds, sparsely reinforced by touching and dramatic spoken word interventions. sophisticated in sound, evolution and intensity, every chapter of this story will grab your attention and keep you on the edge of your seat. an honest, sad and solemn auditory treat."^{[13] [14]}
• The 1953 North Sea Flood and its effect upon the coastal-town of Lowestoft UK, is the subject-matter of a painting by British artist Mark Burrell.

See also

• Floods in the Netherlands
• Flood control in the Netherlands
• Lists of disasters
• List of natural disasters in Britain and Ireland
• List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland
• North Sea flood of 1962
• Radio Amateurs Emergency Network
• Storm tides of the North Sea

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Sea flood of 1953.

• BBC — future flood risk
• The Flood of 1953 in the Netherlands. Report on DeltaWorks.org — includes Animations, Images and Video.
• 1953 Floods
• Suffolk under water — BBC Suffolk
• Lincolnshire – BBC UK

Video links

• Dutch newsreel, on Pathe site
• Pathe newsreel, images of Netherlands
• Pathe newsreel, images of Netherlands
• Pathe newsreel, images of Canvey
• Pathe newsreel, evacuation in Lincolnshire

European windstorms
Historical	Grote Mandrenke Burchardi flood Great Storm of 1703 Great Storm of 1824 Night of the Big Wind Moray Firth fishing disaster Tay Bridge disaster Eyemouth disaster
1900s	North Sea flood of 1953 Hurricane Debbie 1961 North Sea flood of 1962 1968 Scotland storm Quimburga 1972 Gale of January 1976 December 1981 windstorm Ex-Hurricane Charley 1986 Great Storm of 1987 Burns' Day storm 1990 New Year's Day Storm 1992 Braer Storm of January 1993 Christmas Eve storm 1997 Boxing Day Storm 1998 Anatol 1999 Lothar and Martin 1999
2000s	Oratia 2000 Jeanett 2002 Gudrun 2005 Per 2007 Kyrill 2007 Emma 2008 Klaus 2009 Xynthia 2010 Berit 2011 Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011 Joachim 2011 Dagmar 2011 Ulli 2011 Andrea 2012 St Jude 2013 Xaver 2013 Dirk 2013 Anne and Christina 2014 Tini 2014 Elon and Felix 2015 Niklas 2015
2015– Name our Storms	2015–16 UK and Ireland windstorm season 2016–17 UK and Ireland windstorm season
See also	European windstorm List of European windstorms List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe