Nigerian National Shipping Line
 | |
| Shipping line | |
| Founded | 1959 |
| Defunct | 1995 |
| Headquarters | Lagos, Nigeria |
| Owner | Nigerian government |
The Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL) was established by the Nigerian government in 1959. Despite heavy investment and subsidies, the state-owned company was unable to compete with European lines. Much of the investment went to enriching the political elite.[1] Deeply indebted, the NNSL was liquidated in 1995 and all 21 of its vessels were sold.[2]
Formation
Nigeria formed the NNSL in 1957. At first 33% of the capital was held by the Elder Dempster Line and 16% by the Palm Line, both British companies, while the Nigerian government held 51%. In 1961, the Nigerian government acquired all the shares.[3] The NNSL started operations in 1959 with three vessels. Nigerian seamen who had been employed by British shipping companies in the colonial era moved to work for the Nigerian Line.[4] By 1964 it had grown to a total of 16 vessels. The public company was assisted by private businessmen. The tycoon Sir Louis Ojukwu was an early member of the board, dying in 1966.[5] The chairman from 1967 to 1973 was Oloye Adekunle Ojora, formerly of the United Africa Company, who later became a highly successful businessman in his own right.[6]
Expansion
During the Nigerian Civil War the army made free use of the NNSL for transport of troops.[7] The ships played a key role in the advances along the coast in 1969.[8] With the end of the Civil War in January 1970, General Yakubu Gowon announced an extensive program to revive the economy. In place of expensive hired vessels two new ships were bought for the NNSL and the ports at Calabar and Port Harcourt were rehabilitated.[9] In 1977 the government ordered construction of 19 new vessels to replace the aging fleet. By 1979 the company had 24 oceangoing ships.[10] The NNSL was an important source of training for seamen of the Nigerian Merchant Navy.[11]
In January 1980 President Shehu Shagari talked to reporters about his first 100 days in office. He said that during this period the NNSL increased its percentage of imported goods from about 8% to 11.3% and had started bringing in components for the Peugeot assembly plant in Kaduna, components that had previously been flown in.[12] On a less positive note, heroin smuggling by crew members was a significant issue in the 1970s and 1980s, with Nigeria serving as a major transit point for drugs bound for Europe.[13]
Decline
A 1987 study of the NNSL for the World Bank compared results to the benefits that the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development had estimated would come from entry of Nigeria into shipping. The findings were that the investment had made no significant contribution to Gross Domestic Product, employment, the balance of payments, exercising countervailing power, national security or the country's image. The gains had been less than the opportunity costs of the resources used.[14]
In 1988 the National Maritime Authority granted six Nigerian shipping lines "national carrier" status, including the state-owned Nigerian National Shipping Line. The NMA planned to extend this status to more domestic companies so as to reduce control of trade by foreign-owned lines.[15] The Shipping Policy Decree of 1987, which established the NMA, gave approval for a 50-50 share between foreign and domestic lines for non-conference cargos. However, in 1988 the 24 ships of Nigerian national carriers including the NNSL took only 11% of the cargoes at Nigerian ports. The NNSL and the private companies suffered from financial problems and lacked the facilities needed to attract cargoes.[16] In the 1990s several of the company's vessels were seized in different parts of the world for alleged breach of contract and unpaid bills.[17]
Successor
The NNSL was liquidated in September 1995. Its assets were assumed by the newly formed National Unity Line (NUL).[18] The NUL, fully owned by the Nigeria Maritime Authority, began commercial operations in July 1996 as Nigeria's national flag carrier.[19] The NUL had just one ship, MV Abuja.[20] In August 2005 the government put the NUL up for sale. The company now had no vessels, but owned a shipping license.[19] In July 2010 it was reported that the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, the successor to the NMA, had completed arrangements to establish a new national shipping line for Nigeria.[21] A fresh attempt was made to relaunch and sell the NUL in 2011.[22][23]
References
- ↑ Zumerchik & Danver 2010, pp. 640.
- ↑ Next 28 August 2009.
- ↑ Sauvant et al 1993, pp. 171.
- ↑ Schler, Lynn (2016). Nation on Board: Becoming Nigerian at Sea. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- ↑ Forrest 1994, pp. 76.
- ↑ Forrest 1994, pp. 124.
- ↑ Odu 2009, pp. 127.
- ↑ Taabu 2001, pp. 45.
- ↑ Omozuanvbo & Shaw 1998, pp. 74.
- ↑ Maritime Advocate.
- ↑ Shiptalk 23 March 2011.
- ↑ Williams 1982, pp. 121.
- ↑ Bassey & Oshita 2010, pp. 291.
- ↑ Gwilliam & Molenaar 1993, pp. 57.
- ↑ Iheduru 1996, pp. 64.
- ↑ Forrest 1994, pp. 49.
- ↑ Daily Independent 24 March 2011.
- ↑ Airahuobhor 2010.
- 1 2 Xinhua 20 August 2005.
- ↑ Nigerian Daily 7 April 2011.
- ↑ Sun News 21 July 2010.
- ↑ Ezem 2011.
- ↑ Schler, Lynn (2016). Nation on Board: Becoming Nigerian at Sea. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0821422189.
Sources
- Airahuobhor, Andrew (16 Oct 2010). "Nigeria's maritime: Still all foreigners affair". The Daily Independent (Lagos). Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Azichukwu, Ikechukwu (2010). Kaduna: A Tale of an African Mafia. Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 1-4349-9905-X.
- Bassey, Celestine Oyom; Oshita, Oshita, eds. (2010). Governance and Border Security in Africa. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-8422-07-1.
- Daily Independent (24 March 2011). "Matters Arising on Establishment of National Carrier". Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Ezem, Francis (1/04/2011). "BPE renews moves to privatise national shipping line". Retrieved 2011-06-24. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - Forrest, Tom G. (1994). The advance of African capital: the growth of Nigerian private enterprise. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0492-8.
- Gwilliam, K. M.; Molenaar, H. J. (1993). Current issues in maritime economics. Springer. ISBN 0-7923-2048-4.
- Iheduru, Okechukwu Chris (1996). The political economy of international shipping in developing countries. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 0-87413-552-4.
- Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo; Shaw, Timothy M. (1998). Illusions of power: Nigeria in transition. Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-642-8.
- Maritime Advocate. "Wearing shades in Nigeria". Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Next (28 August 2009). "FG urged to float new national shipping line". Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- "Ship owners express interest in management of national carrier". Nigerian Daily. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Odu, P. J. (2009). The Future That Vanished. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1-4415-3972-7.
- Sauvant, Karl Peter; Mallampally, Padma; Dunning, John H., eds. (1993). Transnational corporations in services. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08559-4.
- "Missing Masters". Shiptalk. 23 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Sun News (21 July 2010). "The proposed National Shipping Line". Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- Taabu, Alice (2001). Mke Nyumbani: Alice Taabu's cookery book. East African Publishers. ISBN 9966-25-021-2.
- Williams, David (1982). President and power in Nigeria: the life of Shehu Shagari. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3182-5.
- Xinhua News Agency - CEIS (20 August 2005). "Nigeria Puts National Shipping Line on Sale". Retrieved 2011-06-24.
- Zumerchik, John; Danver, Steven Laurence (2010). Seas and waterways of the world: an encyclopedia of history, uses, and issues, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-711-2.