Myeloid

The term myeloid (myelo- + -oid) is an adjective that in its broadest sense means either "pertaining to bone marrow" or "resembling bone marrow", and the related adjective myelogenous (myelo- + -genous) means "arising from bone marrow". In hematopoiesis, both terms refer to blood cells that arise from a progenitor cell for granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets[1][2] (the common myeloid progenitor or CMP) and often even more specifically to the lineage of the myeloblast (the myelocytes, monocytes, and their daughter types); thus, although all blood cells, even lymphocytes, are born in the bone marrow, myeloid cells in the narrowest sense of the term can be distinguished from lymphoid cells, that is, lymphocytes, which come from common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLPs) that give rise to B cells and T cells.[2] Those cells' differentiation (that is, lymphopoiesis) is not complete until they migrate to lymphatic organs such as the spleen and thymus for programming by antigen challenge. Thus, among leukocytes, the term myeloid is associated with the innate immune system, in contrast to lymphoid, which is associated with the adaptive immune system. Similarly, myelogenous usually refers to nonlymphocytic white blood cells,[3] and erythroid can often be used to distinguish "erythrocyte-related" from that sense of myeloid and from lymphoid.[4] The word myelopoiesis has several senses in a way that parallels those of myeloid, and myelopoiesis in the narrower sense is the regulated formation specifically of myeloid leukocytes (myelocytes), allowing that sense of myelopoiesis to be contradistinguished from erythropoiesis and lymphopoiesis (even though all blood cells are born in the marrow).

There is one other sense of myeloid that means "pertaining to the spinal cord", but it is much less commonly used. Myeloid should not be confused with myelin, referring to an insulating layer covering the axons of many neurons.

Myeloid neoplasms always concern bone marrow and are related to hematopoietic cells.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kawamoto H, Minato N (2004). "Myeloid cells". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 36 (8): 1374–1379. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.01.020. PMID 15147715.
  2. 1 2 Orkin SH, Zon LI (2008). "Hematopoiesis: an evolving paradigm for stem cell biology". Cell. 132 (4): 631–644. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.025. PMC 2628169Freely accessible. PMID 18295580.
  3. ↑ "Definition of Myelogenous". MedicineNet. August 28, 2013. Retrieved 2015-09-10.
  4. ↑ Yuan J, Nguyen CK, Liu X, Kanellopoulou C, Muljo SA (2012). "Lin28b reprograms adult bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors to mediate fetal-like lymphopoiesis". Science. 335 (6073): 1195–1200. doi:10.1126/science.1216557. PMC 3471381Freely accessible. PMID 22345399.
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