Modular design

Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then used in different systems. A modular system can be characterized by functional partitioning into discrete scalable, reusable modules, rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces, and making use of industry standards for interfaces.

Besides reduction in cost (due to less customization, and shorter learning time), and flexibility in design, modularity offers other benefits such as augmentation (adding new solution by merely plugging in a new module), and exclusion. Examples of modular systems are cars, computers, process systems, solar panels and wind turbines, elevators and modular buildings. Earlier examples include looms, railroad signaling systems, telephone exchanges, pipe organs and electric power distribution systems. Computers use modularity to overcome changing customer demands and to make the manufacturing process more adaptive to change (see modular programming).^[1] Modular design is an attempt to combine the advantages of standardization (high volume normally equals low manufacturing costs) with those of customization. A downside to modularity (and this depends on the extent of modularity) is that low quality modular systems are not optimized for performance. This is usually due to the cost of putting up interfaces between modules.^[2]

Modular design ^[3] often lack of optimization and due his success to the concept of product platform ^[4] that has been developed in automotive and electronic industry,.^[5][6]

In vehicles

The modular design of the Unimog offers attachment capabilities for various different implements

Aspects of modular design can be seen in cars or other vehicles to the extent of there being certain parts to the car that can be added or removed without altering the rest of the car.

A simple example of modular design in cars is the fact that, while many cars come as a basic model, paying extra will allow for "snap in" upgrades such as a more powerful engine or seasonal tires; these do not require any change to other units of the car such as the chassis, steering, electric motor or battery systems.

In machines and architecture

Modular design can be seen in certain buildings. Modular buildings (and also modular homes) generally consist of universal parts (or modules) that are manufactured in a factory and then shipped to a build site where they are assembled into a variety of arrangements.^[7]

Modular buildings can be added to or reduced in size by adding or removing certain components. This can be done without altering larger portions of the building. Modular buildings can also undergo changes in functionality using the same process of adding or removing modular components.

Modular workstations

For example, an office building can be built using modular parts such as walls, frames, doors, ceilings, and windows. The office interior can then be partitioned (or divided) with more walls and furnished with desks, computers, and whatever else is needed for a functioning workspace. If the office needs to be expanded or redivided to accommodate employees, modular components such as wall panels can be added or relocated to make the necessary changes without altering the whole building. Later on, this same office can be broken down and rearranged to form a retail space, conference hall or any other possible type of building using the same modular components that originally formed the office building. The new building can then be refurnished with whatever items are needed to carry out its desired functions.

Other types of modular buildings that are offered from a company like Allied Modular are a guardhouse, machine enclosure, press box, conference room, two-story building, clean room and much more applications.^[8]

Many misconceptions are held around modular buildings.^[9] In reality modular construction is a viable method of construction for quick turnaround and fast growing companies. Industries that would benefit from include: healthcare, commercial, retail, military, and multi-family/student housing.

In Televisions

In 1963 Motorola introduced the first rectangular color picture tube, and in 1967 introduced the modular Quasar brand. In 1964 it opened its first company Research and Development branch outside of the United States, in Israel under the management of Moses Basin. In 1974 Motorola sold its television business to the Japan-based Matsushita - the parent company of Panasonic.

In computer hardware

Modular computer design

Modular design in computer hardware is the same as modular design in other things (e.g. cars, fridges, even furniture). The idea is to build computers with easily replaceable parts that use standardized interfaces. This technique allows a user to upgrade certain aspects of the computer easily without having to buy another computer altogether. This idea is also being implemented in Project Ara which provides a platform for manufactures to create modules for a smartphone which can then be customised by the end user.

A computer is actually one of the best examples of modular design - typical modules are power supply units, processors, mainboards, graphics cards, hard drives, optical drives, etc. All of these parts should be easily interchangeable as long as the user uses parts that support the same standard interface as the part that was replaced. Similar to the computer's modularity, other tools have been developed to leverage modular design, such as littleBits Electronics, which snap together with interoperable modules to create circuits.^[10]

Recent Evolutions

Some authors observe that modular design has generated in the vehicle industry a constant increase of weight over time . Trancossi ^[11] advanced the hypothesis that modular design can be coupled by some optimization criteria derived from the constructal law. In fact, the constructal law is modular for his nature and can apply with interesting results in engineering simple systems.^[12] It applies with a typical bottom-up optimization schema:

• a system can be divided into subsystems (elemental parts) using tree models;
• any complex system can be represented in a modular way and it is possible to describe how different physical magnituteds flows through the system;
• analysing the different flowpaths it is possible to identify the critical components tha affect the performance of the system;
• by optimizing those components and substituting them with more performing ones, it is possible to improve the performances of the system.

A better formulation, has been produced during MAAT EU FP7 Project,.^[13][14] A new design method that couples the above bottom-up optimization with a preliminary system level top-down design has been formulated.^[15] The two step design process has been motivated by considering that constructal and modular design does not refer to any objective to be reached in the design process. A theoretical formulation has been provvided in a recent paper,^[16] and applied with success to the design of a small aircraft,^[17] conceptual design of innovative commuter aircrafts,^[18][19] and to design a new entropic wall.,^[20] and to an off innovative off-road vehicle designed for energy efficiency ^[21]

See also

Look up beam in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

Further reading

• Erixon, O.G. and Ericsson, A., "Controlling Design Variants" USA: Society of Manufacturing Engineers 1999 ISBN 0-87263-514-7
• Clark, K.B. and Baldwin, C.Y., "Design Rules. Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity" Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 2000 ISBN 0-262-02466-7
• Baldwin, C.Y., Clark, K.B., "The Option Value of Modularity in Design" Harvard Business School, 2002
• Levin, Mark Sh. "Modular systems design and evaluation". Springer, 2015.
• Modularity in Design Formal Modeling & Automated Analysis
• "Modularity: upgrading to the next generation design architecture", an interview