Magnetic Reynolds number

The magnetic Reynolds number (R_m) is the magnetic analogue of the Reynolds number, a fundamental dimensionless group that occurs in magnetohydrodynamics. It gives an estimate of the relative effects of advection or induction of a magnetic field by the motion of a conducting medium, often a fluid, to magnetic diffusion. It is typically defined by:

\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }={\frac {UL}{\eta }}~~\sim {\frac {\mathrm {induction} }{\mathrm {diffusion} }}

where

$U$ is a typical velocity scale of the flow
$L$ is a typical length scale of the flow
$\eta$ is the magnetic diffusivity

The mechanism by which the motion of a conducting fluid generates a magnetic field is the subject of dynamo theory. When the magnetic Reynolds number is very large, however, diffusion and the dynamo are less of a concern, and in this case focus instead often rests on the influence of the magnetic field on the flow.

General characteristics for large and small R_m

For ${\mathrm {R}}_{{\mathrm {m}}}\ll 1$ , advection is relatively unimportant, and so the magnetic field will tend to relax towards a purely diffusive state, determined by the boundary conditions rather than the flow.

For ${\mathrm {R}}_{{\mathrm {m}}}\gg 1$ , diffusion is relatively unimportant on the length scale L. Flux lines of the magnetic field are then advected with the fluid flow, until such time as gradients are concentrated into regions of short enough length scale that diffusion can balance advection.

Range of values

The Sun is huge and has a large $\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }$ , of order 10⁶. Dissipative affects are generally small, and there is no difficulty in maintaining a magnetic field against diffusion.

For the Earth, $\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }$ is estimated to be of order 10³ .^[1] Dissipation more is significant, but a magnetic field is supported by motion in the liquid iron outer core. There are other bodies in the solar system that have working dynamos, e.g. Jupiter, Saturn, and others that do not, e.g. Mercury and the Moon.

The human length scale is very small so that typically ${\mathrm {R}}_{{\mathrm {m}}}\ll 1$ . The generation of magnetic field by the motion of a conducting fluid has been achieved in only a handful of large experiments using mercury or liquid sodium. ^[2]^[3]^[4]

Bounds

In situations where permanent magnetisation is not possible, e.g. above the Curie temperature, to maintain a magnetic field $\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }$ must be large enough such that induction outweighs diffusion. It is not the absolute magnitude of velocity that is important for induction, but rather the relative differences and shearing in the flow, which stretch and fold magnetic field lines .^[5] A more appropriate form for the magnetic Reynolds number in this case is therefore

\mathrm {\hat {R}} _{\mathrm {m} }={\frac {L^{2}S}{\eta }}

where S is a measure of strain. One of the most well known results is due to Backus ^[6] which states that the minimum $\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }$ for generation of a magnetic field by flow in a sphere is such that

\mathrm {\hat {R}} _{\mathrm {m} }\geq \pi ^{2}

where $L=a$ is the radius of the sphere and $S=e_{max}$ is the maximum strain rate. This bound has since been improved by approximately 25% by Proctor.^[7]

Many studies of the generation of magnetic field by a flow consider the computationally-convenient periodic cube. In this case the minimum is found to be^[8]

\mathrm {\hat {R}} _{\mathrm {m} }=2.48

where $S$ is the root-mean-square strain over a scaled domain with sides of length 2*pi. If shearing over small length scales in the cube is ruled out, then $\mathrm {R} _{\mathrm {m} }=1.73$ is the minimum, where $U$ is the root-mean-square value.

Relationship to Reynolds number and Péclet number

The magnetic Reynolds number has a similar form to both the Péclet number and the Reynolds number. All three can be regarded as giving the ratio of advective to diffusive effects for a particular physical field, and have a similar form of a velocity times a length divided by a diffusivity. The magnetic Reynolds number is related to the magnetic field in an MHD flow, while the Reynolds number is related to the fluid velocity itself, and the Péclet number a related to heat. The dimensionless groups arise in the non-dimensionalization of the respective governing equations, the induction equation, the momentum equation, and the heat equation.

Relationship to eddy current braking

The dimensionless magnetic Reynolds number, $R_m$ , is also used in cases where there is no physical fluid involved.

R_{m}=\mu \sigma

× (characteristic length) × (characteristic velocity)

where

\mu

is the magnetic permeability

\sigma

is the electrical conductivity.

For $R_{m}<1$ the skin effect is negligible and the eddy current braking torque follows the theoretical curve of an induction motor.

For $R_{m}>30$ the skin effect dominates and the braking torque decreases much slower with increasing speed than predicted by the induction motor model.^[9]

References

↑ Davies, C.; et al. (2015). "Constraints from material properties on the dynamics and evolution of Earth's core". Nature Geoscience. 8: 678. Bibcode:2015NatGe...8..678D. doi:10.1038/ngeo2492.
↑ Gailitis, A.; et al. (2001). "Magnetic field saturation in the Riga dynamo experiment". Physical Review Letters. 86 (14): 3024. arXiv:physics/0010047. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.3024G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3024.
↑ Steiglitz, R.; U. Muller (2001). Physics of Fluids. 13: 561–564. Bibcode:2001PhFl...13..561S. doi:10.1063/1.1331315. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Moncheaux, R.; et al. (2007). Physical Review Letters. 98: 044502. arXiv:physics/0701075. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98d4502M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.044502. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Moffatt, K. (2000). "Reflections on Magnetohydrodynamics" (PDF): 347–391.
↑ Backus, G. (1958). "A class of self-sustaining dissipative spherical dynamos". Ann. Phys. 4: 372. Bibcode:1958AnPhy...4..372B. doi:10.1016/0003-4916(58)90054-X.
↑ Proctor, M. (1977). "On Backus' necessary condition for dynamo action in a conducting sphere". Geophysical & Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. 9: 177. Bibcode:1977GApFD...9...89P. doi:10.1080/03091927708242317.
↑ Willis, A. (2012). "Optimization of the Magnetic Dynamo". Physical Review Letters. 109: 251101. arXiv:1209.1559. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109y1101W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.251101.
↑ Ripper, M.D; Endean, V.G (Mar 1975). "Eddy-Current Braking-Torque Measurements on a Thick Copper Disc". Proc IEE. 122 (3): 301–302.

Magnetic Reynolds number

General characteristics for large and small R_m

Range of values

Bounds

Relationship to Reynolds number and Péclet number

Relationship to eddy current braking

See also

References

Further reading

Magnetic Reynolds number

General characteristics for large and small Rm

Range of values

Bounds

Relationship to Reynolds number and Péclet number

Relationship to eddy current braking

See also

References

Further reading

General characteristics for large and small R_m