List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity
Cartoon by Puck magazine celebrating the "resumption" of diplomatic relations between Greece and Persia in 1902, interrupted after the outbreak of the Greco-Persian Wars in 490 BC
There are different claims of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity, sometimes by a small country named in a declaration of war being accidentally omitted from a peace treaty concerning the wider conflict. These "extended wars" have only been discovered after the fact, and have no impact during the long period (often hundreds of years) after the actual fighting ended.
The discovery of an "extended war" is sometimes an opportunity for a ceremonial peace to be contracted by the belligerent parties. This can boost tourism and the relations between states involved by providing interaction not before engaged in, and in some cases, starting relations that have not occurred for historical or geographic reasons. Ceremonial peace, in these cases, is often good natured and for this reason can involve the highest levels of government or foreign affairs offices.
Such a situation is to be distinguished from that of parties deliberately avoiding a peace treaty when political disputes outlive military conflict, as in the Kuril Islands dispute between Japan and Russia.
Extended wars
| Combatants | Historical conflict | Declaration of war | De facto peace | De jure peace | Status of claim |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isles of Scilly vs Dutch Republic | First Anglo-Dutch War | 1651 | 1654 | 1986 | The Dutch Republic under Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter declared war on the Isles of Scilly, as the final stronghold of the English Royalist naval force. When the Dutch and English republics signed the Treaty of Westminster (1654), this separate state of war was not mentioned and thus not included in the peace. The Dutch ambassador, visiting in April 1986 to conclude peace, joked that it must have been harrowing to the Scillonians "to know we could have attacked at any moment."[1] |
| Huéscar vs Denmark | Peninsular War | 1809 | 1814 | 1981 | Huéscar was at war with Denmark, as a result of the Napoleonic wars over Spain, where Denmark supported the French Empire. The official declaration of war was forgotten until it was discovered by a local historian in 1981, followed by the signing of a peace treaty on 11 November 1981 by the city mayor and the Ambassador of Denmark. Not a single shot was fired during the 172 years of war, and nobody was killed or injured. |
| Principality of Montenegro vs Empire of Japan | Russo-Japanese War | 1904 | 1905 | 2006[2] | Montenegro declared war in support of Russia but Montenegro lacked a navy or any other means to engage Japan. After Montenegro (independent in 1904, but united with Serbia by 1919) had voted in 2006 to resume its independence, it concluded a separate peace treaty in order to establish diplomatic relations with Japan. See Japan–Montenegro relations. |
| Andorra vs German Empire | World War I | 1914 | 1918 | 1958[3] | Andorra was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference. |
| Costa Rica vs German Empire | World War I | 1918 | 1918 | 1945 | Due to a dispute over the legitimacy of the government of Federico Tinoco Granados, Costa Rica was not a party to the Treaty of Versailles and did not unilaterally end the state of war.[4] The technical state of war ended after World War II only after they were included in the Potsdam Agreement. Costa Rica did not issue a declaration of war against Germany in World War II.[5] |
| Allies of World War II vs Germany | World War II | 1939 | 1945 | 1991 | At the time World War II was declared over, there was no single German state that all occupying powers accepted as being the sole representative of the former Reich. The "war" technically did not finish until German reunification in 1990. However, in 1949 some technicalities were modified to soften the state of war between the U.S. and Germany. The state of war was retained since it provided the U.S. with a legal basis for keeping troops in Western Germany.[6] As a legal substitute for a peace treaty[7] the U.S. formally ended the state of war between the U.S. and Germany on October 19, 1951 at 5:45 p.m. According to the U.S., a formal peace treaty had been stalled by the Soviet Union.[7] It was not until the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany was signed in 1990 that peace was formally established. The treaty came into effect on March 15, 1991. |
| UN Forces (led by United States) vs Iraq | Gulf War | 1991 | 1991 | 2003 | The UN resolution which ended the first Gulf War, only enacted a cease-fire. It did not end the state of war with Iraq.[8] The British Government would, 12 years later, use the de jure state of war with Iraq to provide the legal basis for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]
Opponents of the Iraq War have criticised this interpretation, with one source labelling it as "legal gymnastics" (see Legality of the Iraq War).[10][11][12] |
See also
References
- ↑ Britain: Peace In Our Time", Time, 28 April 1986.
- ↑ "Montenegro, Japan to declare truce". United Press International.
- ↑ "World War I Ends in Andorra", UPI story in the New York Times, Sep 25, 1958. p. 66. A number of sources say 1939, but there is no period confirmation for this.
- ↑ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations (1919). Treaty of peace with Germany: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, sixty-sixth Congress, first session on the Treaty of peace with Germany, signed at Versailles on June 28, 1919, and submitted to the Senate on July 10, 1919. Govt. Print Off. pp. 206–209. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
- ↑ "11 Wars That Lasted Way Longer Than They Should Have". Mental Floss.
- ↑ "THE NATIONS: A Step Forward". Time. November 28, 1949. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- 1 2 "National Affairs: War's End". Time. July 16, 1951. Retrieved May 11, 2010.
- ↑ Lord Goldsmith (2003-03-17). "A case for war". Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- ↑ David Morrison (2015-10-28). "Was Britain's military action in Iraq legal?". Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- ↑ Peter Oborne (2015-10-31). "Peter Oborne's unofficial Chilcot Inquiry into Iraq war".
- ↑ Elizabeth Wilmshurst (2005-03-24). "Wilmshurst resignation letter". Retrieved 2015-11-01.
- ↑ "Clegg clarifies stance after saying Iraq war 'illegal'". 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
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